Updates
Update 1.30 — Main emotions (anger, sorrow, fear, shame) — what actions do they trigger?
In this update, I am returning to the main emotions. These emotions I added to the Mandala of Characters thanks to the Enneagram. The main emotions that we have in Enneagram are as follows:
- anger,
- shame, and
- fear.
Anger is on the top of the Mandala of Characters, where among others is INTUITION function, and the main element—AIR.
Shame is on the right side of the Mandala, where we can find FEELING and WATER element.
Fear is on the left side of the Mandala, where we can find THINKING and FIRE element.
In the Mandala of Characters, I added fourth emotion to the above three that we have in Enneagram. This fourth emotion we can find at the bottom of the Mandala. That is, in the set of words and phrases where among others is SENSATION function and EARTH element.
Therefore, in the Mandala of Characters are distinguish four main emotions, and in the Enneagram three.
This is because in the Enneagram is divided into three main emotional areas. It means three areas where particular emotions have the main influence. Please look at the picture below:
The Mandala of Characters combines three typologies. It means:
- Ancient System of main elements and temperaments,
- Psychological Types, created by C. G. Jung, and
- Enneagram.
Enneagram is, therefore, one of the three main elements of the Mandala. And, as we see above, Enneagram is divided into three main areas according to main emotions. That is anger, fear and shame.
In turn, both Ancient and Jung’s typologies,a we can divide into four areas. It means:
- Ancient typology, among others, is based on four main elements, which are:
— Earth,
— Air,
— Fire, and
— Water. - Jung’s Psychological Types are based on four basic psychological functions:
— Sensation,
— Intuition,
— Thinking, and
— Feeling.
The Enneagram, as I mentioned above, we can divide into three main areas. It means Enneagram we can divide into areas of influence of three main emotions, which are:
- Anger — in the area where anger has the biggest influence are types: 8, 9, and 1.
- Fear — in the area where fear has the biggest influence are types: 5, 6, and 7.
- Shame — in the area where shame has the biggest influence are types: 2, 3, and 4.
So, Enneagram is divided into three main parts and the Ancient and Jung’s typology into four main parts. Then, to match the Enneagram to Ancient and Jung’s typologies, I added the fourth part to the Enneagram. It means, I added to Enneagram the fourth main emotion.
This fourth main emotion I needed to add in the area where is SENSATION function, and the FIRE element. And this fourth main emotion which I added is—sorrow.
More about this topic, how I created the Mandala of Characters, I wrote in part “The Mandala of Characters—creation history” in the chapter “The composition of the Mandala of Characters”.
Therefore, all in all, we have four main emotions in the Mandala of Characters. Three from the Enneagram, and fourth additional, which is fitted to the Ancient and Jung’s typologies. These four main emotions are:
- Shame.
- Fear.
- Anger.
- Sorrow.
In the diagram below, the numbers from 1 to 9 show the Enneagram types. At the bottom, there is the area where the main emotion is—SORROW. This emotion does not occur in the Enneagram. As I mentioned above, I added it, because I want to fit the Enneagram to the Ancient and Jung’s typologies. More about it, I wrote in part “The Mandala of Characters—creation history” in the chapter “Enneagram”.
In this update, I decided to think about the basic emotions, because to think about it inspired me researches of emotions, like, for example, Nico Frijda.
The theme of emotions is extensive and exciting. I think it is worth paying attention to it. And, at least in small extent, to compare the emotion science with the emotions which we have in the Enneagram. And, of course, in the Mandala of Character, where I used three main emotions from Enneagram.
I will return to emotions from a more scientific point of view later in this update. And now let us look at the emotions of the Enneagram point of view. (By the way, the Enneagram is more and more respected by the scientific world. Then, actually we can say, it is more and more scientific).
The Enneagram mentions, among other things, that the given types perceive the world and have had various specific behaviors due to the emotions they feel. It means particular types feel the given emotion to a bigger extent than other emotions.
Therefore, in the Enneagram, we can find out that the main emotion affects our lives. It means, on our behavior, perception, experience, feeling, adaptation, relationships, development, etc. This is at least in our main psychological state because when we are in stress or in relax, other main emotions will dominate.
So, Enneagram distinguishes three main psychological states, which are:
- Typical State. That is, the state in which we are most aware, we identify ourselves with it. This state is the most dominant, and most important. In this state we are able to control ourselves the most. And so on.
- Stress. That is the state in which a given type is under stress and behaves differently than in its typical state. According to the Enneagram, the given type behaves similarly to another type of Enneagram. In other words, the given type moves to another type.
- Relax (or Comfort). That is the state where the given type is relaxed. Then this type also behaves differently than in its typical state. Also, analogically like in point 2, the given type moves to another type of Enneagram, but different than in point 2.
Specifically, the particular types of Enneagram move from type to type in stress and relax as follows:
| The given Enneagram type: | During stress moves to: | During relax moves to: |
|---|---|---|
| 1. The Perfectionist | → 4 | → 7 |
| 2. The Giver | → 8 | → 4 |
| 3. The Performer1 | → 9 | → 6 |
| 4. The Romantic | → 2 | → 1 |
| 5. The Observer | → 7 | → 8 |
| 6. The Loyal Skeptic | → 3 | → 9 |
| 7. The Epicure | → 1 | → 5 |
| 8. The Protector | → 5 | → 2 |
| 9. The Mediator | → 6 | → 3 |
The names of the types are by Helen Palmer. These names can be found, for example, in her book “Enneagram”, or on the website:
http://www.enneagram.com/enneagram.html
In the Mandala of Characters, there are four psychological states. I created these four states, thanks to Enneagram and Jungian psychology. These states are:
- Conscious State. That is equivalent of typical state in the Enneagram.
- Strong Self-Esteem State (or Power State). That is, state of relax (comfort) in the Enneagram.
- Soft Self-Esteem State (or Vulnerable State). That is the state of stress in the Enneagram.
- Unconscious State, which does not occur in the Enneagram. I added this state to the Mandala of Characters thanks to the inspiration of Jungian psychology.
| Psychological States in the Mandala of Characters | Psychological States in the Enneagram |
|---|---|
| Conscious State | Typical State (the type we most identify with) |
| Strong Self-Esteem State (or Power State) | Relax (or Comfort) |
| Soft Self-Esteem State (or Vulnerable State) | Stress |
| Unconscious State | — (does not occur in the Enneagram) |
In the Mandala of Characters, as in the Enneagram, each type of character in its particular psychological states experiences specific emotions. It means, what emotions the given type mainly experience depends on where the given type has its own psychological states. That is, where the given type has its Conscious State, Power State, Vulnerable State, and Unconscious State.
Coming back to the main emotions, once again, I wanted to draw attention to the fact that these emotions trigger specific behaviors in us. For example, they trigger specific:
— actions and reactions;
— activities;
— strategies;
— ways of thinking, feeling, sensing, anticipating, etc.;
— attitudes to the environment;
— beliefs;
— and so on.
On the Mandala of Characters, four main emotions are spread out just like the main Elements (Air, Earth, Fire, and Water), or basic psychological functions (Intuition, Sensation, Thinking, and Feeling). It means:
- Anger — Air and Intuition,
- Sorrow — Earth and Sensation,
- Fear — Fire and Thinking,
- Shame — Water and Feeling.
On the Mandala of Characters, every type has differently arranged its psychological states. (That is, Conscious, Unconscious, Power and Vulnerable state). In this case, the main emotions influence different types of characters in different ways.
And here we can ask—What exactly can be caused by the main emotions, that is, anger, fear, shame, and sorrow?
Of course, we can say that they can interact in many different ways. And it depends on the given situation, the environment in which we are, the experience which we have, etc. However, I think it would be worth trying to show some general tendencies, some essence or some starting point. The foothold that would lead us to the next associations, about how the main emotions can impact us?
In that case, I think that to answer this question, what exactly can cause the main emotions, it is worth looking at the most basic reactions. Those basic reactions which have both humans and animals.
And here I think it is worth mentioning the terms introduced by Walter B. Cannon in 1915. These terms are “Fight or Flight”.
Since Cannon’s research, a lot of emotion-related studies have been made. Thus, we have rich material to analyze in this area. Personally, my attention was drawn to a term, which in my opinion is useful in considerations I am carrying out in this update. This term is—“specific action tendencies”. To explain what these tendencies are, I will use the quote:
Kristin Neff, Self Compassion,
Publisher: Yellow Kite, 2011.
Author of this quote is Kristin Neff, who is one of the pioneers in compassion research. The above quote from Kristin Neff’s book is based on the studies provided by Richard Lazarus. Then, I think it is worth to use a quote from this author’s work as well.
Richard S. Lazarus, Emotion and Adaptation,
Publisher: New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
I think it is worth agreeing here with Richard Lazarus that—“action tendencies help make the emotion embodied and provide the simplest rationale for a common or shared physiological response pattern for each emotion”. If so, I think it is worth using specific action tendencies in the Mandala of Characters.
In the Mandala of Characters, we have four emotions. That is, anger, sorrow, fear, and shame. In that case, what action tendencies we can assign to them?
If we use the above quotes, we can say that:
- for anger—the specific action tendency is—to attack,
- for fear—the specific action tendency is—to escape,
- for shame—the specific action tendency is—to hide.
From this, it comes out that we already have action tendencies for anger, fear, and shame. So, we need yet one action tendency for emotion—sorrow.
Admittedly, in Richard Lazarus’s quotation, we still have the emotion of guilt. Its action tendency of it to making amends or reparations, compensations, etc. However, in my opinion, compensation does not match “sorrow”. Someone who feels sorrow is will rather think that he deserves compensation to a greater extends than others. Similarly, it can be in the case of people who feel fear, because they are scared by someone or something. Also, to some extent, those who feel ashamed and angry may feel that they should be compensated. It is because, they rather tend to think that someone or something caused them to be ashamed or angry, although they did not want to.
Anger, fear, and shame can also be caused by ourselves. For example, when we have low self-esteem or are not able to control our behavior, habits, addictions, etc. In such cases, however, anger, fear, and shame are also directed towards someone. The difference here is that we are “this someone” who causes our anger, fear, and shame. So, then, it is not someone outside of us.
However, regardless of whether our anger, shame, and fear are caused by us or someone else, we can feel guilty about it. Therefore, guilt is a more universal emotion.
Guilt, which is associated with the compensation, mentioned by Richard Lazarus, is very interesting because everyone can feel it. We can only think about what types of characters have greater or lesser tendency to feel guilt. Because in principle, it is like that with all emotions. It means, we all feel all emotions. However, different types, different emotions feel in different degree.
If we look at the Mandala of Characters, then it can be initially assumed that guilt concerns the upper part of the Mandala, because there are:
— “Believe”, which is often associated with guilt. (“Believe” is in the top left corner of the Mandala).
— “Judging”, which is also easily associated with guilt. For example, if we judge ourselves or someone judges us. (“Judging” is in the top right corner of the Mandala).
— “Anger”, which may cause someone to be hurt and therefore, we will feel guilty. (“Anger” we can find on the top in the middle of the Mandala).
So, representatives of the top part of the Mandala of Characters seem more inclined to feel guilty than others. Therefore, I think, we can initially assume that representatives of the top part of the Mandala are more likely to feel guilty. However, at this point of the development of the Mandala of Characters, reflections about guilt and other emotions, in my opinion, it is worth to leave for further reflections and analysis. Therefore, I will probably deal with the guilt and other emotions in one of the future updates. The update, in which it will be worth to find specific action tendencies that will apply to adaptive-defensive mechanisms, (namely, Extraversion, Introversion, Perceiving, and Judging). In this update, I will deal with the basic functions, (namely, Thinking, Feeling, Intuition, and Sensation).
Returning to our considerations, at the moment, we have specific action tendencies for emotions: anger, fear, and shame. And we still need an action tendency for emotion—sorrow. Sorrow emotion concerns the Sensation function.
So, what is the specific action tendency for emotion—sorrow?
I think the table that I put below partly answers this question.
Craig A. Smith, Richard S. Lazarus, Emotion and Adaptation, chapter 23,
Handbook of Personality: Theory of Research (pp. 609-637), New York, Guilford.
In this table, we can find the emotion of “sadness”. “Sadness” is not the same as “sorrow”. However, feelings of sadness and sorrow are similar. So, we can use sadness for further considerations.
From the table above, we can learn that the adaptive function for sadness is:
Get help and support in the face of harm/disengage from a lost commitment.
The above adaptation function of sadness concerns some damage, harm, loss, etc. Then we need somehow to protect ourselves from further losses and harms. So, we are looking for some help and support or some effective and specific solution that will protect or defend us.
Okay, then how we can in one word describe the action tendency for the word “sorrow” or “sadness”?
I said—in one word—because we need one word or short phrase that can be easily fit on to the Mandala.
I think that such the word what we are looking for here can be—“defend” or “defense”.
“Defend” has the advantage of being opposed to “attack”. The word “attack” is the specific action tendency for “anger”, which is on the opposite side of the Mandala. It means on the opposite side to the emotion “sorrow” or “sadness”.
In conclusion, we now have such specific action tendencies for four main emotions occurring in the Mandala of Characters:
- fear / escape,
- shame / hide,
- anger / attack,
- sorrow, sadness / defend (defense).
For greater clarity, I will put the above list in the table.
| Main emotions | Specific action tendencies |
|---|---|
| fear | escape |
| shame | hide |
| anger | attack |
| sorrow, sadness | defend, (defense) |
The main emotions and their specific action tendencies I will also put on the diagram of basic elements and functions which are arranged like on the Mandala of Characters.
Now we can see where are placed the specific action tendencies, which on the Mandala of Characters are represented by the words: attack, defend, escape, and hide.
I decided to put the above specific action tendencies on the Mandala because I think that I will make it easier to analyze particular types of characters. And it will lead to various associations, which can help us to understand these types.
When it comes to associations, the words attack, defend, escape, and hide, have the advantage that they are very ambiguous. This ambiguity fits the Mandala of Characters because the words and phrases placed on the Mandala are as ambiguous, symbolic, and characteristic as possible.
I think that it will be easiest to show ambiguity, symbolism and characteristics if we use synonyms or thesaurus.
Then, let us look, what synonyms we have for the words: attack, defend, escape, and hide.
I am a Polish person who is learning English. Then, I am exploring these two languages together. So, probably some synonyms or related words can be new for English readers. But, I think, this double-language approach can make below synonyms and related words more interesting.
As for the word—attack, its synonyms (and related words and phrases) with the division into semantic groups are as follows:
| Synonyms of the word—attack | Examples: |
|---|---|
| — attack—as an assault, storm | blitz, blitzkrieg, charge, foray, incursion, invade, make an attack, move to attack, offensive, onset, onslaught, push, raid, rush, storm, strike, surprise, take the offensive, |
| —attack—as an attack on the enemy | charge, fight, paralyze, push, sink, storm, strike, throw, to attack, to besiege, to go to attack/raid, to invade, to surround, torpedo, undertake an attack/offensive, venture |
| —attack—as an armed attack, an armed invasion | aiming to kill someone, armed action, armed aggression, armed combat, armed intervention, armed struggle, armed violence, breach, break new ground/soil, conduct the offensive, counterattack, go for an attack, go for someone, hit, invade, jump, overstepping, push, step, take someone/something in two fires, throw |
| —attack—in a military context | armed, bomb, cannon fire, fire, martial, shot, soldierly, torpedo, warlike |
| —attack—as a fight | arise, assault, be angry, bear arms against, beat, carry on the war, clash, combat, confrontation, encounter, engage in hostilities, harass, head-to-head, hit back, jump, kidnap someone, oppose, the passage of arms, push, retaliate, return fire, riot, row, scarp, stand up, strike back, struggle, take up arms, uprise, uprise against, wage war |
| —attack—as an attack on/move in/pounce on somebody | ambush, assault, besiege, bombarded, breakthrough, charge, corner, counterattack, encircle, go for an attack, harass, hit, hook, invade, launch an attack, leap, move, push, raise a hand, rub, shoot, storm, surround, swoop, take someone by surprise, take someone unawares,, take someone/something in two fires |
| —attack—as an assault/assault on someone | act against someone, aggression, blame, calumny, censure, character assassination, charge, cling to, criticism, denigration, fight someone, go for someone, harass, impugnment, invade, raise a hand on someone, rub, sideswipe, stab, stalk, stick, storm, throw, tug, vilification |
| —attack—as illness/disease | appear, attack, bug, complaint, disability, disorder, occur, spreading, take control, throw up, upset, virus |
| —attack—as insistence / intrusiveness / push / importunity | beg, beg for everything in the world, beg on knees, bore, bore someone with a request, bother, bully, demand, dictate, distress, drill, drill hole in someone’s stomach, dry someone’s head, give no peace to someone, harass, impose, insist, invade someone, moan, persecute, plead, pressing, push, rip somebody’s tripe, sit on someone’s head, sit on someone’s neck, torment, urging, whimper |
| —attack—as intrusive asking | beg, beg for everything in the world, beg on knees, bombarding, bore, bother, bully, charge, disturb, drill hole in someone’s stomach, drilling, dry someone’s head, harass, invade someone, not give someone piece, persecute, plead, push, pushing, rip somebody’s tripe, sit on someone’s head/neck, torment someone with requests, trick or treat, whimper |
| —attack—as harassment with request | sit on someone’s head/neck, beg for, bombarding, bore, bother, bully, demand, drill a hole in someone stomach, dry someone’s head, give no peace to someone, harass, impose, murder, stalk, terrorize, torment, torment, whimper, worry, |
| —attack—as constantly soliciting / urging / accosting someone | attached to someone like a Velcro to a dog’s tail, boom, bore, bore, bother, bother someone, challenge, chase someone, confront, disturb, drill a hole in someone’s stomach, flying after someone, give no one piece, harass, impose, invade, oppose, rip somebody’s tripe, sit on someone’s head/neck, stalk, tire, worry, |
| —attack—as not giving peace to someone | bore, fly behind someone, not to give someone piece, to assault, to bother, to harass, to impose, to insist, to molest, to overtake, to sit on someone’s head/neck, |
| —attack—as picking on / nitpick | argue, argue, cling on, criticize, deny someone’s opinion, get stuck, hit-and-run, invade, look for the hole in the whole, looking for a fight, offensive, pick a fight, pick on, put something under a question mark, stick, tear up someone’s reputation, turn someone around, undermine someone’s authority, |
| —attack—as teasing / hassle somebody | bite, challenge someone’s opinion, cling to, come forward with criticism, criticize, look for the hole in the whole, look for hooks, oppose, perform against, stick to, turn someone around, weaken someone’s opinion, |
| —attack—as harassing someone | act against someone, assault, attack someone, stalk someone, |
| —attack—as a verbal attack | cling on someone, to tease, to harass someone, to provoke, to seek accusation, to challenge, to accost, to start, to mess up, to lift up with somebody, |
| —attack—as accusing someone of something | chastise/rebuke someone, cling on, reprove, scold, stick to someone, |
| —attack—as constant scoffing talk to someone | act against someone, attack, bit, cling on, condemn, criticize, eat, fight, glance, harass, stalk, tackle, turning someone around, |
| —attack—as criticism / criticizing someone | accuse, act against someone, attack, bite, cling on, criticize, eat, invade, jerk, look for the hole in the whole, look for hooks, reprove, scold, undermine someone’s authority, weaken someone’s opinion, |
| —attack—as a discussion | be cross with someone, concern, counter-argument, criticize, deny, disobey, disprove, dispute, doubt, go against, negate, object, oppose, pun something in question, to argue, under discussion, weaken, |
| —attack—in chess | check, checkmate, suffragette |
As for the word—defend (or defense), its synonyms (and related words and phrases) with the division into semantic groups are as follows:
| Synonyms of the word—defend (or defense). | Examples: |
|---|---|
| —defend—as securing, shielding, repelling (fighting off) an attack | protect, assist, defend, hide, supervise, escort, isolate, conserve, convoy, conceal, hide, denounce, keep watch, keep an eye on, watch over, cover, bet, fortify, guard, insure, immunize, preserve, conceal, fend off, |
| —defend—as standing up /acting in someone/something in defense, undertaking defense | protect, defend, be the shield, watch, cover, save, repel the attack, stand with a gun, stand up armed, to defend against an attack, put a dam, guard, insure, plead, maintain, keep, save, pull out of oppression, get out of danger/trouble, secure, keep in the whole, |
| —defend—as advocating for, giving defense speech | to advocate, apologize, intervene, intercede, protégé, identify, support, justify, stand up, translate, embrace, excuse, plead |
| —defend—as an intervention in someone case, pleading for someone | defend, intervene, mediate, stand on the side, take a side, explain, acquit, plead, intercede, bleach |
| —defend—as advocating of someone / something, advocating on someone’s side | cover, embrace, explain, favor, intervene, privilege, sanction, sign, speak, stand on the side, stand out, support, take sides, to advocate, to give someone solid support, to be someone’s advocate, |
| —defend—as a defense of someone’s beliefs | never to give up, not to give up, not to with, not to back down/withdraw, to be devoted, to be faithful, to maintain, to give way, |
| —defend—as watching over someone / something, take care of, have custody over somebody | assist, audit, be in charge, be interested in, be perturbed, be vigilant, care, caregiving, check, cherish, coddle, control, convoy, cover, endeavor to, escort, guard, have an eye on, hold, inspect, insure, keep an eye on, keep an eye, keep watch, look after, mind, nurse, protect, obstruct, oversee, pamper, respect, secure, seek to, shield, snuggle, spoil, supervise, support, take a patronage/sponsorship, take care of, take care, take over, to provide care for, try, watch out for, watch, watching out, worry, |
| —defend—as no permission, prohibition, ban | ban, be in the way, defy, deny, disagree, disobey, do not allow, do not give, do not let, forbid, not admit, not agree, not to grant, object, oppose, prohibit, refuse, refuse, stack the cards against, stand in the way |
As for the word—escape, its synonyms (and related words and phrases) with the division into semantic groups are as follows:
| Synonyms of the word—escape. | Examples: |
| —escape—as an escape | bolt, break free, buck, clear out, cut and run, decamp, descend, deviate, disappear, disappear like a stone into the water, disappear/vanish without a trace, dismiss, distance, do a bunk, dodge, drift astray, estuary, evacuate, evade, evasion, flay away, flee, flit by, frighten away, frighten away, get away, get off, get out of here, go astray, have to sneak, heat, humbug, leave, make a bolt for it, manage to escape, nip off, off this train, on the run, outlet, prance, redeem, rescue, rescue, ride downhill, roll up the flag, run, run away, rush, save, scamper, scrub, scurry, seep into, shoo away, show a clean pair of heels, show the back, slide off, slip, slip away, slip out, slip through, soak in, spring, step away, strip, strip off, sweep, sweep up, take a flight, take off, tear off, tear out of someone’s paws/claws/hands, to leg it, to sneak away, twist off, vanish, vent, wash away, wash off |
| —escape—as French leave (unnoticed exit), exit without being noticed, steal in, sneak off, skipping school, disappearance | cut class, abscond, be released, blow, blow away, bolt, break loose, break off, buck, creep out, cut out, dematerialize, disappear, disappear, disappear from view, disappear with out a trace, do a bunk, drift astray, duck out, emerge, escape, fall, flee, free, get away, get lost, get out of, get out of the side, let go, loosen up, mess up, move off, perish, play hooky, play truant, recede, red herring, rip off, run along, run away, run away like rats from sinking ship, run away where the pepper is growing, scamper away, scamper off, screw up, show a clean pair of heels, skedaddle, slide off, slip away, slip out, slip out of hands, sneak out, steal out, sweep out, tear away, tear off, to clear out, to sneak away, truant, vanish, vanish in the crowd, walk away, wash off, worm one's way out of |
| —escape—as dodge | at one leap, avoid, be drawn aside, bounce, bound, dodge, eliminate, grab, jump, jump aside, jump off, jump the side, leap away, leap out, plunge, prevent, rebound, rebound, reflect, remedy, remove, retire, spring back, step aside, take a leap, to get off, wipeout |
| —escape—as backward jump, a bounce, a jump back | back up, bounce, bound, clear out, convert, escape, estuary, fling oneself, getaway, get back, get off, give way to, go back, jump, jump back, move away, pounce, rebound, recur, repent, resign, retire, return, revoke, spring back, stand down, standoff, step aside, step back, swerve, take a step back, take back, throw, turn around, turn back, undo, withdraw |
| —escape—as an escape with fear | be disturbed, be frightened, be terrified, bottle out, chicken out, cut and run, flush out, frighten, frighten away, get scared, getting cold feet, horrify, lose heart/spirit, scare, show a clean pair of heels, stand aghast, take fright, take fright, terrify |
| —escape—as frighten away, take fright, scamper away, shy | avoid, bolt, bottle out, bounce, buck, chicken out, disappear, escape, fade away, flick, freak out, getting cold feet, overreact, panic, pluck, prance, run away, run away where the pepper is growing, scamper, scamper away, scare away, scoot, scram, scurry, shy away, sneak away, swish, take fright, tear away, turn coward, vanish, whisk |
| —escape—as withdrawal from some action | abandon, back away, back up, bail, bottle out, break the sails, burst, cancel, chicken out, clear out, depart, drop canvas, drop out, getting cold feet, give it up, give up, go backwards, leave, let go, move away, opt-out, pass up, quit, resign, retire, retire, retreat, roll up the flag, scram, stand back, standoff, step aside, step back, take fright, throw in the towel, walk away, withdraw, withdraw like cancer, |
| —escape—as withdrawal from a duel / fight | abscond, defect, desert, drop gun/weapon, escape, flee, give up the fight, rat, run away, stop fighting |
| —escape—as stop fighting | back down, back out, bail, capitulate, cease, cease/stop the fight, defect, desert, drop guns/weapon, give place, give up, give way, pull back, rat, resign, resistless, retire, retreat, scram, sign out, surrender |
| —escape—as an resignation | back down, back out, be frightened, be scared, bottle out, bounce, cancel, capitulate, chicken out, curl up tail under oneself, drop out, fall back, freak out, frighten, get frightened, get scared, getting cold feet, give it up, give up, hide tail between legs, hide tail under oneself, let go, lose spirit, panic, pass, pull back, pull out, quit, resign, retreat, run scared, scare, spook, stand down, startle, surrender, surrender to, take fright, take fright, terrify, walk away, withdraw, withdraw like cancer, |
| —escape—as cowardice, leaving from somewhere | back off, backing away, bolt, bottle out, bunk, chicken out, decamp, deviate, drawback, eliminate, fall back, getting cold feet, give up, going backwards, leave, move away, move back, quit, remove, resign, retire, reverse, rip off, sacrifice, scamper away, scoot, scram, shy away, standoff, step aside, turn coward, waive, withdraw, withdraw like the cancer |
| —escape—as evading, avoiding, beware, hesitation from doing something | abstain, avoid, avoid, avoid, be away,, be drawn aside, be hiding, be in hiding, beware, bury one’s head in the sand, bypass, clash, clear out, crap out be at outs, defend against something with teeth and claws, defend against something with arms and legs, deny, differ, disagree, disobey, elude, excuse oneself, fight shy, flicker, go without, hesitate, hide one’s head in the sand, isolate, isolate oneself, keep away, keep away from, keep out, not agree, on the side, oppose, antagonize, refrain, refuse, resist, retire, screen off, scrimshank, seclude oneself, separate, separate from something, shirk, shrink from, skulk off, stay out of, to duck, to hide from, to say away, trump up, withdraw, wriggle oneself free, wriggle out |
| —escape—as separation | avoid each other, be closed, beware, close oneself, fence off from someone, fight shy, give a wide berth, isolate, keep away from, pass someone far away, seclude oneself, stonewalling |
| —escape—as social isolation | avert, avoid, be closed, be in hiding, dodge, duck, ensconce oneself, evade, fight shy of, hide, hideaway, lock away, lock oneself, separate oneself, shut up, skulk, stay away from, stay out, steer clear, stonewalling |
| —escape—as hiding / hiding from someone | avoid someone, avoid something, be hiding, be in hiding, beware, disappear, fade away, get some cover, guard oneself, hide, hide, hide, hideaway, keep out of sight, play it safe, protect oneself, protect oneself, refuge, runoff like,, seek shelter, shelter oneself, sink, skulk, skulk, take cover, take cover, take refuge, take shelter, underlie, vanish, watch out |
| —escape—as driving something away / repelling something away | free oneself from something, away, be liberated, be released, beat off, chase away, clear off, discard, dispose of, drive away, fight off, free, get rid of, put away, regain freedom, repel, repel each other, ward off |
| —escape— as getting rid off something | clear off, discard, dispose of, dispose of, get rid off, give over, liberate, put away, release, set free, throw off, the trade-off, trigger, work off |
| —escape—as removing from a given place | back, be in retreat, bounce, escape, fall back, flee, getting away, give place, give way, go back, jump up, keep clear, rebound, regress, retreat, return, shrink back, sidestep, slip, slip back, spring back, standoff, step aside, step back, take a step back, take a step backwards, to give up the struggle, turn around, turn back, withdraw |
| —escape—as moving away from a given place | bolt, decamp, draw away, go off, grow away, increase distance, make away, mislead pursuit, move away, nip off, pop off, scamper away, scoot, scurry away, scurry off, walk away, |
| —escape—as passing away, coming to an end | be gone, be heard, be over, become quiet, blow over, calm dawn, cease, clear off, come away, come to and end, come to pass, complete, complete, cross, crumble, die, die away, die down, die off, dim, diminish, disappear, disbandment, dispel, dissipate, doze off, draw to an end, drift away, drop off to sleep, elapse, end, expire, fade, fade away, fall into desuetude, fall into disuse, fall into oblivion, flay, fleet, flight of time, flit, flit by, flow, fly, fly down, fly over, get away, give ground, give in, give out, go, go by, go down, go into the past, go out, go over, go past, go to pieces, just disappear into thin, leave, let up, lose actuality, lose glamour, melt, melt away, mortify, nod off, pass, pass away, pass off, pass over, pass quickly, quiet down, reach the ear, retire, run, run out, scatter, slip through, stale, step down, to be forgotten, to pass into oblivion, vanish, walk, walk away, walk off, wash away, wear away, wear off, wind up, wither, zip |
| —escape—as a loss of actuality / stale | be at low ebb, be dying out, be heard, be lost to one’s eyes, be over, be washed away, become extinct, become silent, become subdued, blow over, blur, burn down, burn out, bury, calm down, cease, clear off, come out of bloom, come to an end, cross over, darken, deaden, decay, decrease, deliquescent, descend, devaluate, devolve, die away, die away, die down, die down, die out, dim, diminish, draw in, draw to an end, ebb away, end, endark, expire, fade, fade away, fade in, fade out, fall into desuetude, fall into disuse, fall into oblivion, fall off, fall silent, fall silent, finish, fleetingness, forgive and forget, freeze to the spot, get muddled, get stale, gleam, glimmer, go out, go over, grow dim, lapse, lapse into silence, lapsed legacy, leave off, let bygones be bygones, lethe, lose glamour, melt, melt away, mortify, muddy, oblivion, pass, pass away, pass off, pass through, quiet down, reach the ear, run down, run out, seize up, shrink, sic transit gloria mundi, sink into oblivion, spill out, stale, stop, terminable, terminate, trail away, vanish, wash away, waste away, wear, wear away, wither, wither away |
| —escape—as coming to an end | be at a low ebb, be at an end, be dawning to an end, be headed for collapse, be heard, be on the decline, be over, become passé, blow over, bring to close, calm down, cease, collapse, crumble, darken, decay, decline, die away, die down, dim, dissipate, draw in, draw to an end, elapse, elapse, end, endark, expire, faint, fall, fall in, finish, fleet, frig, get by, give ground, give place, give up the struggle, give way, go beyond, go by, go down, go into the past, go out, go over, go past, go through, go to pieces, knock-down, near to the end, pass, pass away, pass by, pass off, quiet down, reach the ear, retire, run low, scatter, slip away, slip by, stop, stream, subside, terminate, tumble down, walking past, wear off, |
| —escape—as flight of time / passage of time / course of time / lapse of time | advance, advance by leaps and bounds, be well on in years, blow over, bowl along, brush past, carry on, climb down, come over, creep, cross, decease, double up, elapse, elapsed time, fade away, fallentis semita vitae, flash, flash through, fleet, fleetingness, flight of time, flit, flit by, float, flow, flow through, fly, fly away, fly by, fly over, follow, fulgurate, get away, get by, get on, get round, glide, go ,go ahead, go by, go down, go out, go over, go past, go through, inch, jog along, labour, move, move forward, needle, needler, overpass, pass, pass across, pass along, pass away, pass by, pass on, pass over, pound along, press ahead, progress, push forward, push on, ride, roll, roll away, roll by, run, run over, run through, running, rush, sail away, slide, slip away, slip away, slip by, slip past, slip through, speed, step down, stream, sweep, swim, tend, terminable, toiler, travel, trundle, walk down, walk off,, wear off |
| —escape—as getting out of / sail away | be emitted, be like water off a duck's back, bear away, become the sack, come of scot-free, drain away, drift away, drip, drip off, drop away, escape, escape notice, escape punishment, evaporate, flash down, float away, float away, float off, flow, flow away, flow down, flow out, fly away, fly out, get away, get out, get out of here, go up in smoke, launch out, leak, leak out, leak through, pass unnoticed, recast, run out, sail away, sail out, sailing, ship out, shoot out, sluice, stream out, swim out, trickle-down, trickle out |
| —escape—as evaporation | disappear, elude, empty, escape, evacuate, fade, flow out, fly away, get away, get out, get out, rush out |
| —escape—as as splash, spatter, getting out of some liquid or gas | be emitted, bedrabble, beeline, blast, blaze away, blaze up, blow out, break forth, burst forth, cloop, come out in clouds, drabble, drop, ejaculate, eject, elude, empty, erupt, escape, fall, flare, flow, flush, fly, fly out, get away, glaze, go down, gurgle, gush, jet, lap, leak, let pass, outfly, outshine, overfly, perfuse, piss, plash, plop, pour, pour-over, pump out, quelch, run over, run upon, scamper away, shoot up, slosh, slosh about, slosh around, sluice, spatter, spire, spirt, splash, splatter, spout, spout, spout, spurt out, sputter in the air, squelch, squirt, swash, trickle, varnish, water, wing |
| —escape—as dripping, leaking, filtering | be pouring with sweat, brim over, brim over, distil, drain, drain, drain away, drain off, drainer, dribble, dribble, drip, drip down, drip off, drip off, drip off, drip with, drop, drop, drop-in, elude, empty, exuberate, exuberate, exude, filter, flow away, flow down, flow out, flush down, go down, in a trickle, infiltrate, leach, leak out, ooze, overflow, overflow, overflow, percolate, percolate, pour-over, runoff, run over, run over, run with sweat, seep,, slop, slop over, sluice, slurp, soaking wet, sop, spillover, stillicide, stream, stream down, swill around, transude, trickle, trickle-down, trickle out, weep, weep, weep |
| —escape—as ejection, gushing something | belch, blow off, blow up, break forth, come in gusts, eject, erupt, exhale, fall out, fly out, gun, gush, jet, piss, plash, pump out, rain, rain buckets, rain cats and dogs, rush out, shoot, shower down, spatter, spifflicate, spirt, splash, splatter, spout, spurt, squirt, trickle, vomit, vomit on, vomit up, vomit upon, |
| —escape—as evaporation, volatilization | abscond, aerification, air leakage, desiccate, disappear, disappearance, disintegrate, dry, dry up, elude, empty, escape, evaporate, exhaust, fume, grow flat, leak, lose fragrance, loss by leakage, parch, parry, recast, run dry, shrivel, smoke, steam, steam up, transpire, vanish, vapor, vaporize, volatile, volatilization |
As for the word—hide, its synonyms (and related words and phrases) with the division into semantic groups are as follows:
| Synonyms of the word—hide. | Examples: |
|---|---|
| —hide—as taking care, looking after, careful treatment | accommodate, accommodate demand, attach importance, attach value, attend, be a father, be concerned with, be in charge, be on the watch, be vigilant, bear in mind, breed, bring up, busy oneself, care, caregiving, chaperon, cherish, close watch, cuddle, cultivate, dance around someone, dandle, deal, deal with, embusy, establish authority/care, exercise protection, exercise tutelage, fondle, foster, go about, go in, groom, guard, have an eye to, hold, in charge of, in the custody of, indulge, jump around someone, keep, keep an eye, keep in mind, keep track, keep watch on, look after, management, mind, minister, mother, nurse, nurture, occupy, oversee, overwatch, please, police, puff and blow on someone/something, raise, refocillate, remember, ride herd on, safety-first, see about, service, sit up, snuggle, take care, take care of, take under one’s wing, take up, tutelar, tutelar spirit, tutelary, tutelary spirits, under supervision, wait up, walk around someone on tiptoe, ward, watch, watch over, wetnurse, worry, zero in on, |
| —hide—as taking care of children, upbringing | attach importance, attach value, attend, baby-sitting, be a father, be concerned with, be nice, bear a hand, become civilized, breed, bring up, buffer, care, care for, caregiving, civilize, coddle, cover, cultivate, dandle, deal with, develop, dignify, educate, ennoble, enrich, fondle, fondle to one's heart's content, form, foster, gentility, give assistance, good manners, grade up, handle delicately, heed, hew, hold, humanize, humor, instruct, look, look after, management, mind, mind about, mold, mother, munificate, nurse, nurture, polish, polish one's manners, politeness, preserve, prevent, protect, puff and blow on someone, raise, rear, reclaim, refine, remember about someone, render aid, rough-hew, safeguard, safety-first, save, savoir vivre, school, set by, shape, shape, shelter, shield, supervise, take care, take charge of, take charge of, teach good manners, train, treat with kid gloves, work on someone |
| —hide—as keeping, supporting someone | assert, cherish, earn, entertain, feed, foster, gain, get, harbor, have on head, indulge, keep, keep in, keep on, keep up, knit up, maintain, nourish, nurture, nutrify, pick up, provide for, retain, service, subsist, support, sustain |
| —hide—as a breeding, farming | aliment, animal husbandry, batten, breed, bring up, browse, carry, crop, cultivate, culture, cultured pearl, depasture, farm, fatten, feed, feed up, fodder, free-range, give food and drink, give suck, grass, graze, grow, grow fat, grub, nourish, nurse, nurture, over-feed, pasturage, pasture, plough, plow, raise, raise, suckle, surfeit, wet-nurse |
| —hide—as draw in | bend, bundle, cherish, clasp, coil up, cower, cringe, crouch, cuddle, curl, curl oneself up, curl up, curl up oneself, draw in, keep down, roll up |
| —hide—as storage, conservation | abide, abide by, accumulate, assert, bear, cap, carry, cellar, cling on, conceal, conceal, conserve, cover, cover in, cover-up, deck, detain, endure, follow, hang on, hide, hoard, hold awhile, hold by, hold on to, hold out, house, hug, keep, keep to, keep to, lay on, lid, maintain, mantle, outride, outstay, overlay, overwinter, preserve, provide for, provide for, retain, roof, shroud, sit out, spread over, stand, stay stuck, stick, stick to, stock, stockpile, storage goods, store, take hold, warehouse |
| —hide—as preservation | bear up, conserve, continue, fight off, fight shy, guard, hold, hold on, hold up, keep, maintain, persist, preserve, protect, remain, reserve, retain, save, stand up for, support, sustain, sustain, upbear, uphold, vouch, watch |
| —hide—as souvenir, in remembrance of | conserve, continue, detain, hold, hold awhile, hold down, hold over, hold up, keep, keep in, maintain, preserve, rescue, save, set back, spare, stick, store |
| —hide—as burial, funeral | burrow, bury, delve, dig, entomb, grub, inhume, entomb, last offices, place in the grave/tomb, rake, rake up, reposit the grave/tomb, root about, root around, rummage, sepulcher, sepulchre, tomb, |
| —hide—as covering, masking | abat-vent, adumbrate, bemuffle, blind, blockade, bosom, buckler, camouflage, cloak, conceal, contain, cover, cover off, cover-up, cover-up for, dazzle, disguise, dissemble, dissimulate, fence, guard, hide, interrupt, keep secret, mantle, mask, obstruct, occult, plead ignorance, protect, roof, screen, shade, shield, shielding wall, shroud, shut out, sink, stop down, submerge, swamp, veil, wrap, |
| —hide—as cover-up | blanket, burke, camouflage, cloak, conceal, cover, cover off, cover up, disguise, dissemble, fence, gloss over, hide, hush up, keep secret, mascara, mask, occult, overgrow, overlay, overspread, roof, shade, shield, soft-pedal, submerge, veil, wimple, |
| —hide—as conceal, suppress | cover, burke, conceal, conceal evidence, conceal the truth, cover, dissemble, hide, hold back, hold back the truth, keep back, keep under one’s hat, keep under wraps, leave unsaid, paper over, pass over in silence, suppress, suppress a fact, |
| —hide— as privacy, keep a secret | brush aside, camouflage, choke in oneself, conceal, cover, cover off, cover-up, hide, hold back, hugger-mugger, keep in concealment, keep secret, keep under wraps, leave unsaid, make no mention, pass over in silence, protect, secrete, shield, sink, suppress, take cover, veil, wrap |
| —hide—as conceal | blind, camouflage, cloak, conceal, conserve, bottle up, cover, cover off, cover-up, dissimulate, hide, hold in hiding, keep in hiding, keep secret, mask, put on a mask, store, swallow one’s pride, tuck away |
| —hide—as keeping something in secret place | beshroud, blanket, blind, bury, camouflage, cloak, conceal, cover, cover-up, disguise, gloss over, gold-brick, hamstering, hide, hide something under a bushel, hoard, hold in secret, hush up, keep away, keep dark, keep in secret, keep in the dark, keep secret, keep under wraps, mask, masquerade, plaster over, put the mask on, restrain, secrete, shirk, sink, skulk, soft-pedal, squirrel away, veil |
| —hide—as hiding, concealment | bemuffle, blind, bolt-hole, bury, cache, camouflage, conceal, concealment, conserve, cover, cover-up, covertly, creephole, dissemble, dive, fastness, funk hole, harbour, hidden place, hide, hide something under a bushel, hide-away, hiding-place, hold awhile, hold back, hold in secret, hugger-mugger, keep safe, latently, lurking-lace, mask, maskować, obscurity, preserve, protect, refuge, retreat, save, secretion, stealth, store, submerge, veil |
| —hide—as security, safety, protecting, safeguarding | accompany, answer back, assecure, assert, assist, assure, be on the beat, beat off, belay, bemuffle, beshroud, bewake, blanket, blockade, bottle, buckler, buffer, champion, cloak, cloak, clothe, coat, collateralize, conceal, conserve, convoy, cover, cure, deafen, defend, deliver, detach, dissemble, effect insurance, embottle, embrawn, encase, enclothe, entrench, escort, escort vessel, espouse, famulate, fence, fend, fend for, fix up with, forbid, fortify, grant cover, guard, hang on, harden, hedge, herd on, hide, immunize, incase, indemnify, inspect, insulate, insure, insure a line, invigilate, isolate, keep an eye on, keep in concealment, keep off, keep safe, keep secret, keep track, keep up, keep watch on, look after, maintain, overlook, oversee, pack, plead, police, preserve, prevent, protect, quarantine, recure, refuge, repulse, reserve, retain, roof, safe-guard, sail in the convoy with, save, screen, seal off, seclude, secure, serve, service, sheathe, shelter, shield, shroud, skulk, spare, squire, stand by, stand up for, stick up, stick up for, superintend, supervise, suppress, surround, take care, take out an insurance, tin, underwrite, veil, vindicate, watch, watch, watch out, watch over, wrap, |
Above, therefore, we can see examples of synonyms, and related words and phrases to these specific action tendencies:
- attack,
- defend,
- escape, and
- hide.
The above tendencies are associated with the following emotions:
- anger—which is associated with—attack,
- sorrow—associated with—defend (or defense),
- fear—associated with—escape,
- shame—associated with—hide.
I think that thanks to emotions and the specific action tendencies associated with them, analyzing individual types in the Mandala of Characters will be more fascinating.
Generally, in the Mandala, the analyzing of the types can be carried out by, so to speak, four main reference points. It means, these are:
- Jung’s Psychological Types—we can mainly use here: basic functions and adaptive-defensive mechanisms.
- Ancient System—we can mainly use the division into main Elements and Temperaments.
- Enneagram—thanks to which, among others, we can look at particular types of characters through the prism of the main emotions.
- Specific action tendencies—thanks to which we can better understand the impact of main emotions on particular types.
- Besides, we can also use various associations, comparisons, metaphors, and symbolic meanings that are connected with above reference points. That is the main Elements, basic functions, adaptive-defensive mechanisms, main emotions, and specific action tendencies.
In conclusion, a big area of various considerations appears thanks to the concepts, which I put in the table below.
| Main Elements / basic functions | Emotions | Specific action tendencies |
|---|---|---|
| Air / Intuition | anger | attack |
| Earth / Sensation | sorrow | defend (defense) |
| Fire / Thinking | fear | escape |
| Water / Feeling | shame | hide |
In summary, the specific actions tendencies that I highlight in this update will be beneficial in learning and understanding particular types of characters.
In my opinion, the specific action tendencies also fit into the groups of concepts and phrases among which we can find them. These groups now look as follows:
The top of the Mandala of Characters:
AIR
compromise, INTUITION, balance
(anger/attack)
(spring—source and purpose)
The bottom of the Mandala of Characters:
EARTH
position, SENSATION, benefit
(sorrow/defend)
(autumn—existence and sense)
The left side of the Mandala of Characters:
FIRE
logic, THINKING, possibility
(fear/escape)
(summer—cognition and choice)
The right side of the Mandala of Characters:
WATER
morality, FEELING, ethics
(shame/hide)
(winter—value and argument)
In the general diagram of the Mandala of Characters, the above groups of concepts and phrases look as follows:
So, currently, in the Mandala of Characters are distinguished:
— four emotions, and
— four specific action tendencies.
Of course, in general, we have more emotions and action tendencies. However, I think that those emotions and action tendencies, we can consider as basic reference points.
I think it is enough because the basis for considerations in this update is Enneagram. And in Enneagram we have just three main emotions.
As I mentioned above, I took from Enneagram to the Mandala of Characters: anger, fear, and shame. Enneagram, thanks to using only these three main emotions as three reference points, is very good at characterizing individual types of Enneagram. Personally, I think that Enneagram types are more expressive and characteristic than in other personality typologies. This unique expressiveness of Enneagram types is because the descriptions of these types are in big extent based on the main emotions.
Since the Enneagram owes a lot to the main emotions, I think that in the Mandala of Characters, emotions should also play one of the leading roles.
In this update, I also decided to add to the main emotions, the corresponding specific action tendencies. I think that thanks to the actions tendencies, the impact of emotions on individual types of the Mandala of Characters will be more tangible and understandable.
All in all, therefore, the emotions and actions tendencies will be fascinating and useful elements of the Mandala of Characters. Emotions and actions tendencies are very characteristic points of reference. Points that can help us find out what psychological state we are in a given moment?
Jacek BŁACH
February 2018
English translation—Mach 2020
References:
Walter B. Cannon, Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage
An account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement
Publisher: D. Appleton and company, 1915
Functional Analysis of Some Illustrative Emotions — page 619
Craig A. Smith, Richard S. Lazarus,
Emotion and Adaptation, chapter 23,
Hadbook of Personality: Theory of Research (pp. 609-637), New York, Guilford.
Helen Palmer (1992)
Enneagram
Publisher: Jacek Santorski & Co Agencja Wydawnicza
or website:
http://www.enneagram.com/enneagram.html
Specific action tendencies
Kristin Neff,
Self Compassion,
Publisher: Yellow Kite, 2011.
Specific action tendencies
Richard S. Lazarus,
Emotion and Adaptation,
Publisher: New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
CC0 1.0 Universal
To other texts and images that I used as quotes, additional terms may apply.