Update 1.22 — Areas of basic psychological functions, and mechanisms of adaptation and defense.

In this update, I am dealing with a more detailed presentation of areas of:
- basic psychological functions,
- and mechanisms of adaptation and defense.

Instead of "mechanisms of adaptation and defense", for convenience, further, I will also use a little shorter phrase "adaptive-defensive mechanisms".

But what they are basic psychological functions and adaptive-defensive mechanisms?

These terms I took from C. G. Jung’s book—“Psychological Types”.

I decided to go back to this Jung’s book again, because I use terms such as intuition, sensing, thinking, feeling, extraversion, introversion, perceiving, and feeling in the Mandala of Characters. These terms are often defined as preferences, features, traits, and so on.

However, Jung made a very significant distinction between these preferences. It seems to me that now this distinction is not popular. But, I think, it is worth to give it bigger attention. Actually, in my opinion, this distinction is important, and I need to emphasize it.

Jung, therefore, divided the terms mentioned above into:

• basic psychological functions,
• and mechanisms of adaptation and defense.

The basic psychological functions include:

• thinking,
• feeling,
• intuition,
• and sensing (or sensation). Jung originally used the term “sensation”. Now commonly is used the term “sensing”.

The mechanisms of adaptation and defense are:

• extraversion
• and introversion.

Later, Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers added to the above terms:

• perceiving,
• and judging.

The ladies mentioned above are best-known thanks to their personality indicator, which is called—Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®. In short—MBTI®.

Returning to the terms “perceiving and judging”, these terms in the Myers-Briggs system are defined differently than Jung did it. I will return to this issue later in this update.

Now, let me give you a few quotations to show precisely how Jung defined the terms mentioned above:

Summarizing:

1. To define intuition, sensing, thinking, and feeling, Jung used terms such as:
   • basic psychological functions,
   • function-types.
2. In turn, to describe extraversion and introversion, he used terms such as:
   • mechanisms of adaptation and defense,
   • general attitudes,
   • modes of psychic reaction.

Interestingly, besides extraversion and introversion, Jung also mentioned about “abstraction and empathy”.

Although, Jung mentioned in his book about “abstraction” and “empathy” he focused only on extraversion and introversion. Specifically, Jung distinguish four basic psychological functions: thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensation. In turn, according to Jung, these four functions can be extraverted or introverted. All in all, it gives us eight psychological types that Jung distinguished, that is:

1. Extraverted Thinking Type.
2. Introverted Thinking Type.


3. Extraverted Feeling Type.
4. Introverted Feeling Type.


5. Extraverted Intuitive Type.
6. Introverted Intuitive Type.


7. Extraverted Sensation Type.
8. Introverted Sensation Type.

So, despite the fact that Jung also mentioned about “abstraction” and “empathy”, in his considerations on psychological types, he dealt only with “extraversion” and “introversion”. Then, he did not use “abstraction and empathy”. To create his personality typology. I will come back to this topic yet later in this update.

In summary, Jung created his eight psychological types from:

• Four basic psychological functions (which Jung also called—function-types). These functions are:
  1. Intuition,
  2. Sensation (or sensing),
  3. Thinking,
  4. and Feeling.
• Two adaptive-defensive mechanisms (which Jung also called: general attitudes or modes of psychic reaction). These adaptive-defensive mechanisms are:
  1. Introversion,
  2. And Extraversion.

Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, in turn, created their version of psychological types among others by adding the next two adaptive-defensive mechanisms. That is mentioned above the Myers-Briggs typology. In this typology, we can see that two new terms have been added to the above Jung's terms, which are:

• perceiving
• and judging.

However, the terms “perceiving” and “judging” are not, as in Jung typology, classified as psychological functions or adaptive-defensive mechanisms.

So, how are defined in the Myers-Briggs?

One of the currently popular terms from the Myers-Briggs typology are “preferences”. Preferences refers to the above six Jung’s terms and two new ones that appeared in the Myers-Briggs typology. In total, therefore, there are eight preferences. It means:

• six taken from Jung: intuition, sensation, thinking, feeling, extraversion and introversion,
• and two added in the Myers-Briggs typology: perceiving and judging.

Combinations of the above 8 preferences gave 16 personality types in the Myers-Briggs typology. So, it is twice as many types than in Jung’s typology, because Jung distinguished 8 types.

We can create types in the Myers-Briggs typology by choosing one preference in each pair of opposing preferences. These pairs of preferences are:

1. E — Extraversion ↔ I—Introversion
2. S—Sensing ↔ N—iNtuition,
   (to mark iNtuition is used the letter “N”, because the letter “I” is used to mark Introversion),
3. T—Thinking ↔ F—Feeling
4. J—Judging ↔ P—Perceiving

For greater clarity, I will put the above opposing preferences on the table:

As we can see in the table above to mark preferences are used capital letters: E, I, S, N, T, F J, and P.

In each pair of the above opposing preferences, we need to choose one preference. These ones that more suitable for us. Thanks to this, we will select four preferences. And these four selected preferences in total define our type in the Myers-Briggs typology.

For example, if from the above individual pairs of preferences, someone finds that suited to him are the following preferences:

• E—Extraversion, (here is not selected — Introversion—I),
• S—Sensing, (here is not selected — iNtuition—N),
• F—Feeling, (here is not selected — Thinking—T),
• J—Judging, (here is not selected — Perceiving—P),

Myers-Briggs typology most often is presented as a table. And at this table, we can see all types of Myers-Briggs. Please look below.

The Myers-Briggs typology, therefore, among others, focuses on what each of us prefers. That is, the Myers-Briggs typology mainly focuses on preferences.

This focus on preferences in the popular Myers-Briggs pushed Jung’s distinctions into the background. It means distinction into basic psychological function and adaptive-defensive mechanisms.

Personally, it does not bother me because the Myers-Briggs typology is very well-developed and is for me a valuable source of knowledge and inspiration. This system is an interesting interpretation and development of Jung’s ideas about human personality.

First of all, Myers-Briggs organizes Jung's ideas, which was probably not an easy job. It is because Jung often wrote in a difficult language, and his thoughts and analyzes are very complex. Thus, the creators of the Myers-Briggs typology have overall contributed greatly to the popularization of Jung's ideas about personalities.

And how this organizing Jung's ideas look like in the Myers-Briggs typology?

This organizing is done thanks to the divisions that are used in this typology. They are divided into:

• Functions, that is, N—iNtuition, S—Sensing, T—Thinking, F—Feeling.
• Attitudes or orientations, which include: E—Extraversion and I—Introversion.
• Dichotomies, that is, pair of preferences, which I mentioned above.
• Types, which I also mentioned above.
• Type dynamics, which are telling us which basic function (iNtuition, Sensing, Thinking, Feeling) in a given type is:
  • dominant,
  • auxiliary,
  • tertiary,
  • or inferior.
• Cognitive functions, that is:
  • Ne—extraverted iNtuition,
  • Ni—introverted iNtuition,
  • Se—extraverted Sensing,
  • Si—introverted Sensing,
  • Te—extraverted Thinking,
  • Ti—introverted Thinking,
  • Fe—extraverted Feeling,
  • Fi—introverted Feeling.
  For each type in the Myers-Briggs typology, we can also distinguish functions which are: dominant, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior.
• Judging and perceiving functions, which include:
  • judging functions, that is:
    • Te and Ti — extraverted and introverted Thinking
    • Fe and Fi — extraverted and introverted Feeling
  • perceiving functions, that is:
    • Ne and Ni — extraverted and introverted iNtuition,
    • Se and Si — extraverted and introverted Sensing.

So, there are the divisions and assignments in the Myers-Briggs typology. Besides, this typology is continuously developed and modified by the next researches and enthusiasts.

All in all, the Myers-Briggs typology has a lot to offer. For me personally, this typology helps me to understand Jung’s ideas about personality, and it helps me to develop my Mandala of Characters.

When it comes to developing the Mandala of Characters, from the Myers-Briggs typology, useful for me was the pair of preferences:

• perceiving and judging.

It means, perceiving and judging suited the Mandala construction, which I built based on Ancient System, Enneagram, and Jung’s Psychological Types. I came across the Myers-Briggs typology later, when the basic version of the Mandala was ready. Besides, I am exploring the Myers-Briggs typology slowly, because for me it is a very difficult typology.

Returning to the pair “perceiving and judging”, in my opinion, it suited to complement the pair “extraversion and introversion”. In the Mandala of Characters, the fact that there must be a pair “perceiving and judging” next to the pair “extraversion and introversion” is mainly due to the Ancient System, which is the foundation of the Mandala. It also indirectly results from the Enneagram and Jung’s typology. I write more about it in the chapter “The Mandala of Characters—creation history”. And below I will refer to the analogy between the Ancient System, and Jung’s and Myers-Briggs typology.

So, when I came across the Myers-Briggs typology, and I found the pair “perceiving and judging” in it, I was happy because I also came to the conclusion that such a pair should exist.

In the Myers-Briggs typology, “Perceiving and Judging” is mainly interpreted as:

• one of the pair of preferences that is the fourth pair (next to the three pairs: iNtuition—Sensing, Thinking—Feeling, and Extraversion—Introversion),
• and as functions that divide the basic functions into Judging and Perceiving functions:
  • Judging functions are:
    • T—Thinking, that is:
      • Te—extraverted Thinking
      • Ti—introverted Thinking
    • F—Feeling, that is:
      • Fe—extraverted Feeling
      • Fi—introverted Feeling
  • Perceiving functions are:
    • N—iNtuition, that is:
      • Ne—extraverted iNtuition
      • Ni—introverted iNtuition
    • S—Sensing, that is:
      • Se—extraverted Sensing
      • Si—introverted Sensing

The above concepts regarding the pair of preferences “perceiving and judging” in the Myers-Briggs typology are interesting. But, I think, it will also be useful and intuitive to interpret them as the pair of “adaptive-defensive mechanisms”, which I wrote about earlier in this update. Among other things, I gave several quotes from Jung’s book “Psychological Types” earlier. These quotes show that Jung defines extraversion and introversion as:

mechanisms of adaptation and defense,
• general attitudes,
• modes of psychic reaction.

Now, please note that the pair “perceiving and judging” in the Mandala of characters complements the pair “extraversion and Introversion”. Thus, the pair “extraversion and introversion” and “perceiving and judging” belongs to the same group. If they belong to the same group, then “perceiving and judging” can be described as Jung called “extraversion and introversion”. That is, as adaptive-defensive mechanisms (or general attitudes or modes of psychic reaction).

So, summarizing, the adaptive-defensive mechanisms are:

• Extraversion,
• Introversion,
• Perceiving,
• and Judging.

At this point, I will come back to one of the quotes from Jung’s book “Psychological Types”.

In this quote, Jung says that adaptive-defensive mechanisms are:

• Abstraction,
• Empathy,
• Extraversion,
• and Introversion.

I focus here on the above quote because Jung talks here about “abstraction and empathy”. That is, he talks about two adaptive-defensive mechanisms that he distinguished, but he did not use them to create his personality typology. He used only extraversion and introversion.

Jung did a great job anyway, using only extraversion and introversion for his typology. However, I think he could also use “abstraction and empathy”.

What was the cause that Jung did not use “empathy” and “abstraction”?

In short Jung:
— “empathy” included to Extraversion, and
— “abstraction” to Introversion.

For example, we can see it in the following quotes:

The above sections of text from Jung’s considerations we can find in the chapter “VII. The Type Problem in Aesthetics” of his book “Psychological Types”.

Jung in this chapter is analyzing, among others, the works of:

• German art historian Wilhelm Worringer—among others author of the book “Abstraction and Empathy” (in German—„Abstraktion und Einfühlung”).
• And the German philosopher and analytical psychologist Theodor Lipps who considered “Einfühlung” as an important philosophical and psychological concept.

In retrospect, however, I think that Jung underestimated “empathy” and “abstraction”.

In my opinion, we should agree with the researches whom Jung mentioned in his considerations about „Einfühlung” and „Abstraktion”. That is, with Wilhelm Worringer and Theodor Lipps.

I believe these researches were right, acknowledging “empathy” and “abstraction” as key concepts. That is, so significant that we should recognize them as the third and fourth adaptive-defensive mechanism.

However, the above third and fourth adaptive-defensive mechanism appeared later in the Myers-Briggs typology. Although these mechanisms are defined differently in this typology, nonetheless they are there.

So, I think that:

• the equivalent of “abstraction” is the concept of “perceiving” in the Myers-Briggs typology,
• the equivalent of “empathy” is the concept of “judging” in Myers=Briggs typology.

For clarity, I will put the above in the table below:

So, above we have Jung’s adaptive-defensive mechanisms and some of the so-called preferences from the Myers-Briggs typology.

Other preferences from the Myers-Briggs typology are iNtuition, Sensing, Thinking, and Feeling. In Jung’s typology, these preferences are defined as:

• basic psychological functions,
• and function-types.

In summary, the preferences from the Myers-Briggs typology in Jung’s psychological types are divided into:

• basic psychological functions (or function-types), that is, Intuition, Sensation, Thinking and Feeling,
• and adaptive-defensive mechanisms (or general attitudes or modes of psychic reaction), that is, Extraversion, Introversion, perceiving, and judging.

I think the division that Jung used in his typology fits very well to the Mandala of Characters. Therefore, in further considerations, I will use Jung’s division.

I also think that I should put the summary of the above thoughts on the table for convenience. Please look below.

So, the table above shows that in the Mandala of Characters:

• from Jung’s typology is taken division into:
  • basic psychological functions,
  • adaptive-defensive mechanisms,
• from Myers-Briggs typology are taken two preferences:
  • perceiving,
  • judging.

In the Mandala of Characters, the above division, which we can see in the table above, has an additional very interesting explanation. It turns out that the above division can be associated with the division that occurs in the Ancient System. It means:

• Basic psychological functions (thinking, feeling, intuition and sensation), correspond to the basic elements. That is, Fire, Water, Air and Earth.
• Adaptive-defensive mechanisms (extraversion, introversion, perceiving, and judging), correspond to the features of the main Elements. That is, hot, cool (or cold), dry, and wet (or moist).

For greater clarity, I put on the table the above comparison of the Ancient System with Jung’s typology (along with two preferences from the Myers-Briggs typology).

It follows that the psychological concepts which are taken from Jung’s “Psychological Types” and Myers-Briggs typology correspond with the symbolic concepts used in Ancient System.

So, the Mandala of Characters shows the connection between symbolism and psychological concepts. Personally, it makes me happy because the symbols associated with psychological concepts can often help us understand, analyze, discover, and explore particular types of characters.

Then, in the Mandala of Characters, we have, so to speak — symbolic and psychological duality. It means I think that we consider the types of characters:

• either from the psychological or scientific side,
• or from the symbolic side.

And regardless of which side we consider the given character type, our considerations can lead us to the same conclusions and discoveries.

Now, if above, I have organized more psychological concepts concerning types of characters, I think, it is also worth improving the graphic representation of the above concepts.

To improve the graphic presentation of these concepts, I decided to use gradients, that is, appropriate shading. I think that it can illustrate, to a greater extent, where the given psychological concepts are appearing?

I will start with Intuition and Sensation.

In the diagram above, we can see that INTUITION is at the top of the Mandala of Characters. We can find there the following types:

• Air,
• Moist Air,
• and Hot Air.

In a sense, we can say that there is the source (or pole) of Intuition. From this point, the influence of Intuition extends downwards of the Mandala. However, the influence of Intuition gradually decreases. Decreases as it moves away from the top of the Mandala (that is, from its source).

The gradual decrease of Intuition is symbolically represented by shading (gradient). Where Intuition is the most, shading is the most intense. Further, the shading is brighter, the weaker is the influence of Intuition.

Analogically, I presented the area of SENSATION (or Sensing). We can see that the Sensation is most intense at the bottom of the Mandala. There are the following types:

• Earth,
• Cool Earth,
• and Dry Earth.

Further, as we move away from the source of Sensation, the impact of the Sensation gradually decreases.

Next, in turn, I present the areas of Thinking and Feeling.

In the above diagram, we can see that THINKING is the most intense on the left side of the Mandala of Characters. In this area, there are the following types:

• Fire,
• Hot Fire,
• and Dry Fire.

In turn, FEELING is the most intense on the right side of the Mandala. We have there the following types:

• Water,
• Wet Water,
• and Cool Water.

Above, therefore, I presented areas of basic psychological functions. That is Intuition, Sensation, Thinking, and Feeling.

The basic psychological functions Jung also divided into:

• RATIONAL, which include:
  • THINKING and
  • FEELING
• IRRATIONAL, which include:
  • INTUITION and
  • SENSATION (or Sensing)

Then, next, I present rationalism and irrationalism graphically.

First, I present rationalism.

RATIONALISM is situated horizontally on the Mandala of Characters. Sources of rationalism we can find:

• on the left, where is located THINKING,
• on the right, where is located FEELING.

In turn, IRRATIONALISM is located vertically. Its sources are:

• at the top, where is INTUITION,
• at the bottom, where is SENSATION.

To present rationalism and irrationalism, I also used shading (gradients). The closer to the center of the Mandala, the shading gradually weakens.

The areas of rationalism and irrationalism are cut off on the sides. I did it because I want to emphasize this, that:

• RATIONALISM is between THINKING and FEELING,
• IRRATIONALISM is between INTUITION and SENSATION.

After presenting the basic psychological functions, next, I will present adaptive-defensive mechanisms (or general attitudes, or modes of psychic reactions). It means, Extraversion, Introversion, Perceiving, and Judging.

During the development of the Mandala of Characters, I have already graphically presented areas of Extraversion and Introversion, and Perceiving and Judging. You can read about it in the chapters:
— “Extraverted and Introverted Types”,
— and “Judging and Finding (Perceiving)”.

Both chapters are in part “The Mandala of Characters – creation history”.

These diagrams look as follows:

The above diagram show areas where are Extraversion and Introversion.

Extraversion and Introversion are also divided due to rationality and irrationality. White areas show places where the level of Extraversion and Introversion is equal or close to each other.

Analogically, I presented also the division into Perceiving and Judging.

In the above diagrams, we can see that the areas of Extraversion and Introversion, and Perceiving and Judging are more complicated than in the case of Intuition, Sensation, Thinking, and Feeling.

So, the above diagrams show that basic psychological functions (Intuition, Sensation, Thinking, and Feeling) have different characteristics than adaptive-defensive mechanisms (Extraversion, Introversion, Perceiving, and Judging).

In general, I think, we can say that:

• Basic psychological functions are permanent. It means they remain the same regardless of changing conditions.
• Adaptive-defensive mechanisms are not permanent. It means they can be freely switched on or switched off (or can be active or passive) depending on changing conditions. I think we can also say here that given types of characters have a lower or higher tendency to use one or another defensive-adaptive mechanism.

For example, the Hot Fire type has a higher tendency to use Extraversion, Cool Water type has a higher tendency to use Introversion.

The above two diagrams, which I made before, do not take into account the intensity of occurrence of adaptive-defensive mechanisms. It means where it is more or less Extraversion or Introversion, or Perceiving or Judging.

In this case, below, I present a new version of the above diagrams, on which I will use shading (gradients).

The above diagram presents the areas of occurrence of Extraversion and Introversion. To show where is more or less Extraversion and Introversion, I used gradients. I think now we can see better that the highest level of Extraversion is in the top left corner. In turn, the most Introversion is in the bottom right corner.

In other words, the types that most benefit from Extraversion are:

• Hot Fire,
• and Hot Air.

While the types that benefit the most from Introversion are:

• Cool Water,
• and Cool Earth.

In turn, the next diagram shows that the highest level of Perceiving is in the left bottom corner. While the most Judging is in the top right corner.

Thus, the types that benefit the most from Perceiving are.

• Dry Earth,
• and Dry Fire.

While the types that benefit the most from Judging are:

• Moist Air,
• Wet Water.

As I said earlier, white areas mean that the level of Extraversion and Introversion, as well as Perceiving and Judging, are equal or close to each other.

However, we can ask a question, where exactly these levels are equal and where they are similar? It means, levels of particular adaptive-defensive mechanisms.

I think that now when I used gradients, it will be easier to present it graphically.

Besides, the mentioned above Myers-Briggs typology will be useful for this task.

I have already adapted the Myers-Briggs typology to the Mandala of Characters. I write about it in the chapter “The Mandala of Characters—comparison with other personality systems”.

Therefore, in the next diagrams, I will also put the Myers-Briggs types.

In this case, I will start with a more precise presentation of the areas of Extraversion and Introversion. I will present them in two separate diagrams because showing them in one diagram is not clear.

In the above diagram, we can see the areas of EXTRAVERSION and INTROVERSION, which are RATIONAL. In other words, we can see Extraversion and Introversion that occur in the area of rationalism. Rationalism, whereas, covers the area between Thinking and Feeling.

So, exactly we can see:

• two areas of rational Extraversion,
• and two areas of rational Introversion.

Extraversion and Introversion are placed alternately as a kind of layers. From the bottom we have:

• first the area of Introversion,
• then the narrower area of Extraversion,
• next a narrower area of Introversion,
• and the highest second wide layer of Extraversion.

Extraversion and Introversion are therefore positioned alternately. Once Extraversion, and once Introversion.

We can find confirmation of this arrangement in the Myers-Briggs typology. I arranged types from this typology around the Mandala of Characters. So, in the areas of Extraversion, we can find Extraverted types according to Myers-Briggs. In turn, where are Introversion areas, there are Introverted types.

In the Myers-Briggs typology, as I mentioned above, we have four-letter marks of individual types. Extraversion and Introversion, in these four-letter type marking, are in the first place. For example, in the INFP, the first letter, that is “I”, means Introversion. In the ESFJ type, the first letter “E”, means Extraversion.

Above, I have presented Extraversion and Introversion, which are rational. Then, it is time to show them in the irrational part.

In the diagram above, we can see that the EXTRAVERSION and INTROVERSION layers are IRRATIONAL. These layers are located vertically. Irrationalism covers the area between Intuition and Sensation.

In the above two diagrams, we can see that shading is the greatest where are, so to speak, Extraversion and Introversion poles. It means, Extraversion Pole is in the top left corner, and Introversion Pole is in the bottom right corner.

We can see that the gradients are darkest on the thicker outer layers. On the left outer thick layer, there is Extraversion, and Introversion is on the right outer thick layer.

In turn, shading is not intense on the thin inner layers. Therefore, there Extraversion and Introversion on these two inner layers are less intense. Then, I think that the types which are in the area of thin layers we can describe as ambivert types. It means the level of Extraversion and Introversion in these types is the same or is close to each other. These types include:

• Air,
• Earth,
• Water,
• and Fire.

We can also say that the other types are willing to be guided by the following adaptive-defensive mechanisms:

• Hot Fire—rational Extraversion (see Fig. 9).
• Wet Water—rational Extraversion (however, to a lesser extent that Hot Fire, because Wet Water is more likely to use rational Judging, which will be shown in one of the following diagrams), (see Fig. 11).

• Cool Water—rational Introversion (see Fig. 9).
• Dry Fire—rational Introversion (however, to a lesser extent than Cool Water, because Dry Fire is more likely to use rational Perceiving, which will be shown in one the following diagrams), (see Fig. 11).

• Hot Air—irrational Extraversion (see Fig. 10).
• Dry Earth—irrational Extraversion (however, to a lesser extent than Hot Air, because Dry Earth is more likely to use irrational Perceiving, which will be shown in one of the next diagrams), (see Fig. 12).

• Cool Earth—irrational Introversion (see Fig. 10).
• Moist Air—irrational Introversion (however, to a lesser extent than Moist Air, because Moist Air is more likely to use irrational Judging, which will be shown in one of the next diagrams), (see Fig. 12).

Since I presented graphically more precisely the areas of Extraversion and Introversion, it is time to show in same way areas of Perceiving and Judging.

In the diagram above I presented the areas of PERCEIVING and JUDGING, which are RATIONAL.

The next diagram shows the areas of PERCEIVING and JUDGING, which are IRRATIONAL.

Analogically to Extraversion and Introversion, shading is more intense on the thicker two outer layers. On the inner two thinner layers, the shading is weaker. In the Mandala of Characters, areas where there are thin layers, I interpreted that the level of Perceiving and Judging on them is equal or close to each other. Types that have a similar level of Perceiving and Judging are:

• Air,
• Earth,
• Water,
• and Fire.

Please note here that these types also have an equal or similar level of Extraversion and Introversion. I showed it earlier in this update.

We can also say that the other types are willing to be guided by the following adaptive-defensive mechanisms:

• Wet Water—rational Judging (see Fig. 11).
• Hot Fire—rational Judging (however, to a lesser extent than Wet Water, because Hot Fire is more likely to use rational Extraversion, which was shown in one of the previous diagrams), (see Fig. 9).

• Dry Fire—rational Perceiving (see Fig. 11).
• Cool Water—rational Perceiving (however, to a lesser extent than Dry Fire, because Cool Water is more likely to use rational Introversion, which was shown in one of the previous diagrams), (see Fig. 9).

• Dry Earth—irrational Perceiving (see Fig. 12).
• Hot Air—irrational Perceiving (however, to a lesser extent than Dry Earth, because Hot Air is more likely to use irrational Extraversion, which was shown in one of the previous diagrams), (see Fig. 10).

• Moist Air—irrational Judging (see Fig. 12).
• Cool Earth—irrational Judging (however, to a lesser extent that Moist Air, because Cool Earth is more likely to use irrational Introversion, which was shown in one of the previous diagrams), (see Fig. 10).

And that is where I finish this update, in which I show where are located Jungian: basic psychological functions and adaptive-defensive mechanisms.

I hope that I managed to organize and clarify in the greater degree terms that Jung created. And which developed Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers.

References: