Creation history

2.3. – Enneagram

The diagram below shows the Enneagram.

The Enneagram distinguishes nine types of characters. For marking Enneagram types are used simply digits from 1 to 9.

When we are reading articles about the Enneagram, we can also see names of particular types. For example in Poland are popular names by Helen Palmer which she used in her book entitled “Enneagram”. These Enneagram names are:

1. The Perfectionist.
2. The Giver.
3. The Performer.
4. The Romantic.
5. The Observer.
6. The Loyal Skeptic.
7. The Epicure.
8. The Protector.
9. The Mediator.

Besides distinguishing nine types of characters, the Enneagram also has other interesting features. My attention especially caught the fact that the Enneagram also identifies two other mental states. It means, during stress and relax. So, in total Enneagram distinguishes three mental states:

1. “Typical state”. Behavior which is typical for particular Enneagram type.
2. Stress. Behavior which occurs in stress.
3. Relax or Comfort. Behavior during relax or comfort.

Generally speaking, it works in following way. During stress or relax we behave like another type of character. That is, in a sense, we are moving to (or we are connecting with) another type of character.

For example, type “4” (the Romantic):

• when become relaxed, moves to the type “1” (the Perfectionist),
• when become stressed, moves to the type “2” (the Giver).

For particular types it looks like this:

Type of Enneagram (typical state)	Movement during stress	Movement during relax (or comfort)
1 (The Perfectionist)	Stress →	Relax → 7
2 (The Giver)	Stress → 8	Relax → 4
3 (The Performer)	Stress → 9	Relax → 6
4 (The Romantic)	Stress → 2	Relax → 1
5 (The Observer)	Stress → 7	Relax → 8
6 (The Loyal Skeptic)	Stress → 3	Relax → 9
7 (The Epicure)	Stress → 1	Relax → 5
8 (The Protector)	Stress → 5	Relax → 2
9 (The Mediator)	Stress → 6	Relax → 3

In another way, we can present the above movements as two sets of digits which create repetitive cycles.

During relax or comfort, the cycles look like this:
1 → 7 → 5 → 8 → 2 → 4 → 1 →... etc.
3 → 6 → 9 → 3 →... etc.

During stress, the cycles look like this:
1 → 4 → 2 → 8 → 5 → 7 → 1 →... etc.
3 → 9 → 6 → 3 →... etc.

On the above diagrams, the brighter arrows indicate cycle between so-called straight (or central) types. These are 3, 6 and 9.

The darker arrows indicate cycle between types 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8. Among them:

• types 2, 7 and 8 are Extraverted,
• types 1, 4, and 5 are Introverted.

Information about it which types of Enneagram are Extraverted or Introverted or Central are not easy to find, because they are spread across different sources. Besides, they are not always the same. Actually, it is not strange. The concepts of Extraversion and Introversion are relatively now. However, I think the assignments which I used above are most probable.

Below I am putting two quotations where their authors are writing about Central, Extraverted and Introverted types of Enneagram.

Group	Type	Personality Characteristic
Relationship	Two	Over relates to People (extroverted)
Relationship	Three	Denis her own feelings; lets others define her (central)
Relationship	Four	Relates to her image of herself (introverted)
Fear	Seven	Creates plans to divert fear (introverted)
Fear	Six	Alternates between avoiding and confronting fear (central)
Fear	Five	Escapes fear by withdrawing from others (introverted)
Anger	Eight	Directs anger outward (extroverted)
Anger	Nine	Denies her own anger and avoids conflict (central)
Anger	One	Withholds or hides her anger (introverted)

So, now we know which types of Enneagram are Extraverted, which are Introverted and which are straight (or central). It is useful division. I will use it further many times during the development of the Mandala of Characters.

In the Enneagram for me fundamental is also the principle which I mentioned above. It means the principle that in the state of stress or relax, we are moving to other types of characters. It is indeed logical and visible to everyone. In real life in the state of stress or comfort, we behave differently than we usually act.

This principle of transition from type to type when our emotional states are changing I also use in the Mandala of Characters. And this is one of the fundamental principles of the Mandala.

In sum, for analyzing where, when and why the particular type of character is moving, I devote a lot of time. And I am still exploring this topic. Therefore, probably I will modify this issue later.

Another interesting feature of Enneagram is the division into three main emotions. I use also use this division in the Mandala of Characters.

In Enneagram big attention is given to how we felt main emotions in childhood?

These main emotions are:

• Anger—particularly felt by types 8, 9 and 1.
  They had a childhood full of anger for: something, someone, situation, etc.
• Shame—particularly felt by types 2, 3 and 4.
  They had a childhood full of shame because of: something, someone, situation, etc.
• Fear—particularly felt by types 5, 6 and 7.
  They had a childhood full of fear because of: something, someone, situation, etc.

So, we can see that in the Enneagram emotions are the essential part of particular types of characters. In other words, particular types of characters tend to feel particular emotions. Emotions then can indicate a type of character.

In my work, I don’t resolve following issues:

1. Do particular emotions arise due to the influence of environment in which child is living? And next, do these got emotions shape the character of the child?
2. Do these particular emotions already exist at the moment of birth? And next, do the child through these inborn emotions perceives the world around him?

Personally, I think that both options are right.

The first options seem obvious. Certain living conditions of life always affect the development of character. And in general influence of the child’s development. So in sum, it can be like this regardless of:

• whether the child has already formed character at the moment of birth,
• or whether the life after birth is shaping the character.

For the second option, that the child is already born with specific character, may convince us simple observations. The observation which we can make in life. For example, I am a father of three children, including twin boys. I saw that twins already from the first day of their birth had different characters. And later they kept their specific characters, although they were in the same life situation. In fact, we can see it not only in humans but also in animals. E.g., we can observe that puppies or kittens from the same litter have different personalities. Also, mention above Hans Jürgen Eysenck in his lecture, which is available on the internet, says that even rats used for laboratory testing have different personalities. Among others, he talked about studies about what effect has alcohol on rats? Results of these studies were changing depend on personalities of rats used in particular experiments. Eysenck believes that personalities are the essential ingredient that should be considered in research. Results of laboratory tests are entirely dependent on personality types in animals. Here is a quote from his lecture, which was posted on the YouTube site:

Personality is an absolutely vital ingredient in making any kind psychological prediction, make any kind of suggestion about treatment in clinical psychology, in message to be use, in educational psychology, in industrial psychology and even as I show you in the minute in saying anything sensible about experimental psychology in the laboratory.”

Source: Hans Jürgen Eysenck—quote from the lecture.

In the Mandala of Characters which I am creating here, I accept that both of the above options are right. It means that the child is born with a formed type of character. And this character in later life is developing under the influence of various life circumstances.

Returning to the Enneagram after some time of using it I came to one conclusion. That is, the Enneagram partially overlays with Jung’s typology and the Ancient System, because:

• Anger corresponds to Intuition (and if to Intuition then it corresponds to—the element of Air),
• Shame corresponds to Feeling (and if to Feeling then it corresponds to—the element of Water),
• Fear corresponds to the Thinking (and if to Thinking then it corresponds to—the element of Fire).

In short:

• Anger—Intuition—Air,
• Shame—Feeling—Water,
• Fear—Thinking—Fire.

I present it in the diagram below.

How did I conclude that Enneagram overlays in part with the Jung’s typology and the Ancient System?

I came to this conclusion mainly by assigning different people to particular types of the Enneagram. I was doing it by observing and analyzing people in different situations.

It means, specifically, I was observing someone’s behavior during stress, comfort, and normal behavior. Next, I compared these three kinds of behaviors with particular types of Enneagram. And based on these comparisons, I tried to discover someone’s Enneagram type?

It was an uphill task. But when I was doing it, I had a lot of time. Then I worked on the production line. During long and tedious shifts, I tried to occupy my mind as much as possible. Occupy by thoughts which help me to forget about the time that left to the end of the shift. So, I match people who worked nearby to particular Enneagram types. During this my mind task I relayed only on observing people's behavior.

I discovered, by the way, that the work in the factory is a great situation to observe, analyze and identify types of characters. Actually, not only work in the factories is great for these tasks. But workplaces, in general, are great places for researching personalities.

It is mainly for two reasons.

Firstly, there is a lot of “data for study” because people surround you from everywhere.

Secondly, during the work there are a lot of situations:

• when people are stressed,
• when they try to behave in their typical or normal way,
• and when they are relaxed.

It may seem that there are not too many situations in the factory when people feel comfortable. But they also occur, because everyone tries somehow to swap boring time into something pleasant. For example, if this is possible, they try to talk about something with other workers.

So, this method of personality research has many advantages. First of all, it is a real-life situation, in contrast to some laboratory conditions. Alternatively, conditions created artificially to do specific tests.

So, this method of personality research has many advantages. First of all, it is a real-life situation, in contrast to some laboratory conditions. Alternatively, conditions created artificially to do specific tests. However, surely the disadvantage of this method is that we cannot consider it as a scientific method of research. There is one reason for this. We cannot make any documentation in any way, because we have to do something else at that time. And even if there is an opportunity to do some documentation, we cannot do it because we have to respect someone’s rights to privacy.

Then, however, while working at the factory I did not have any scientific dilemmas. When I conducted my analysis on Enneagram types, I did not think about doing any research about personalities. I did not also think that I would develop my thought from that time to the current stage. And that personality typologies would become my new passion. At that time, I had other reasons to think about characters. One of them was boredom during factory work.

Returning to the Enneagram, most of the people whom I observed and analyzed, sooner or later, I was able to match to one of the Enneagram types. However, there were some persons that I could not match to any type. It means, I match them to one of the types and it seemed to me that this was right matching, but after some time doubts appeared.

Actually, I think I should be more specific here.

During looking for somebody's type usually, I was changing my mind many times, because doubts were returning again and again. But after some time I felt that my matching should be correct.

However, it was not always like that.

Sometimes my doubting did not stop. For some people, I was unable to stop doubting about their Enneagram type. I was constantly changing the type to which they could belong. Usually, I matched these “dubious” people in a circle to two types. Or sometimes around and around, I matched them to three types of Enneagram.

To deal with this problem, I decided to use as a help Jung’s typology. It means Jung’s psychological types. I stared then study Jung’s ideas about types of characters. And after some time I started to match people simultaneously to both typologies. That is, to the Enneagram and Jung’s typology at the same time.

Then it turned out that some of the “dubious” people that I could not match to any of the Enneagram types fit more to one of the Jung’s types.

However, what was most interesting in this, they fit mainly to two Jung’s types. The names of these two types are:

• Extraverted Sensing Type
• and Introverted Sensing Type.

It was very interesting discovery for me. I was thinking what I can do with this?

After some time, in my head arose a hypothesis. I guessed that these two above types from Jung’s typology simply did not exist in the Enneagram. And next, I had another idea. Maybe Jung’s typology and the Enneagram may complete each other?

Then, little by little, I became more and more convinced about it.

So, I started putting together eight types from Jung’s typology and nine types from the Enneagram. The results of pairing these two typologies I am presenting in the table below.

Enneagram types	Jung’s psychological types
Type 1—the Perfectionist	Introverted Intuitive Type
Type 2—the Giver	Extraverted Feeling Type
Type 3—the Performer	—
Type 4—the Romantic	Introverted Feeling Type
Type 5—the Observer	Introverted Thinking Type
Type 6—the Loyal Skeptic	—
Type 7—the Epicure	Extraverted Thinking Type
Type 8—the Protector	Extraverted Intuitive Type
Type 9—the Mediator	—

The dash “—“ means that this Enneagram type is not similar to any of Jung’s psychological type.

We can see that above I have paired Jung’s types with the Enneagram types. The pairs from both typologies which I put together are not identical, but I believe that the core of these types is similar.

In the above the Enneagram diagram, we can see nine Enneagram types. These are numbers from one to nine. Besides, we can see six Jung’s psychological types. These are:

• two intuition types (Extraverted Intuition Type and Introverted Intuition Type),
• two thinking types (Extraverted Thinking Type and Introverted Thinking Type).
• two feeling types (Extraverted Feeling Type and Introverted Feeling Type),

In general, there are eight Jung’s psychological types. So, the above diagram lacks two Jung’s types. These are two sensing types:

• Extraverted Sensing Type,
• and Introverted Sensing Type.

I was thinking many months how to fit in Enneagram these two remain Jung’s types? And I came to conclusion that to make everything fit together I need to add to Enneagram three types. It means two Jung’s types and one new type. I thought that if I extend Enneagram from nine to twelve types, everything will be logical and fitted together.

So, these three types are:

• Extraverted Sensing Type—from Jung’s typology,
• Introverted Sensing Type—from Jung’s typology,
• Sensing Straight (or Central) Type—new type added to Enneagram.

Why “Straight” or “Central” type? And why the third type is added to Enneagram?

Because in Enneagram we have 9 types:

• 3 extraverted types,
• 3 introverted types
• and 3 straight (or central) types.

So, in Enneagram we have the same number of central, extraverted and introverted types. And we have three areas. And every area has one Extraverted, one Introverted and one Central type.

In sum, then if we want to add to the Enneagram one Extroverted type and one Introverted type what we should do?

I think, in this case, we should also add one Central type. Because when we have one Extraverted type, one Introverted type, and Central Type, we will get the new area in the Enneagram. And all construction will be logic and symmetric.

Next problem which appeared in this situation was where exactly put these three new types? Or where to put new area with three types?

During some time of my considerations and analyzes, I was slowly confirming myself, where these types should be.

I was leading here be emotions. As I said above, the original Enneagram is divided into free areas. Each of these areas is leading by different main emotion. It means:

• area 1—shame—types 2, 3 and 4,
• area 2—fear—types 5, 6 and 7,
• area 3—anger—types 8, 9 and 1.

For better clarity, I made a table.

Area	Main emotion	Types of the Enneagram
Area 1	Shame	2, 3, 4
Area 2	Fear	5, 6, 7
Area 3	Anger	8, 9, 1

So, when I was considering above list, I made a conclusion. The conclusion was this—I should find new main emotion for types which I want to add to the Enneagram.

I decided that new emotions I will call—Sorrow. I was thinking also about Sadness and Regret.

I thought that “sorrow” will be my temporary name. In the case when I will find better name I will change it.

Then we can add new emotion to above table.

Area	Main emotion	Types of the Enneagram
Area 1	Shame	2, 3, 4
Area 2	Fear	5, 6, 7
Area 3	Anger	8, 9, 1
Area 4	Sorrow (or Sadness, Regret)	10, 11, 12

So, we have the new fourth area. The area where main emotion is “Sorrow”.

In this table, I also put temporary names for types which I was going to add the Enneagram. It means 10, 11 and 12.

And now one question left. Where I placed this new area with three new types?

The picture below is showing it.

Now we can see that I put the new area at the bottom of the diagram. Below step by step, I will explain why I put the new area in this place?

The new main emotion, which is “Sorrow”, I placed between Anger and Shame at the bottom of the diagram. Opposite to the “Sorrow”, we can find—Anger. Thanks to this, we have got the scheme which is divided into four parts.

Our improved Enneagram has then four areas. Four areas is a crucial element here. Four areas are making above scheme more like Jung’s typology and the Ancient System. They also had the division into four areas.

By analogy, to the Ancient System, I placed new area between the element of Fire and the element of Water. And this new area is opposite to the element of Air. Finally, what is most interesting here, this area is in the same place where is the element of Earth.

And if we look on analogy to the Jung’s typology, the new area covers one of the psychological function. That is—Sensing. We can see also that the new area is between Thinking and Feeling. And opposite to it, we can find—Intuition.

In this new area, I put two types from Jung’s typology. That is Extraverted Sensing Type and Introverted Thinking Type. To these two types, I added third type—Central Sensing Type (or Straight Sensing Type).

I used the word “central” according to the Enneagram. As I said above, in the one area of Enneagram we have one Extraverted, one Introverted and one Central type.

Instead of word “central”, I think we can also use here the word—Ambivert. The ambiversion is a state between extraversion and introversion.

Temporarily, I marked out the new types as 10, 11 and 12. (With time, I decided to change it, because it is not practical and difficult to remember. It is only logical for someone who knows and uses the Enneagram).

Anyway, at that moment of my creation behind these numbers were hidden following types:

• type 10—Introverted Sensing Type,
• type 11—Central (or Ambivert) Sensing Type,
• type 12—Extraverted Sensing Type.

As I said above, these three types are in one area. The area where is the element of Earth, psychological function—Sensing and main emotion—Sorrow.

Summarize, I made my consideration about the new area in the Enneagram, because I wanted to match the Enneagram with Jung’s typology.

The Enneagram was the first typology which I deeper studied. It is also a typology whereby I started deeper study personalities. The Enneagram then had the biggest influence on me during the first period of my research about characters.

OK, coming back to my story of creation, it means, to enhanced Enneagram, the new division will look like this.

• Anger—particularly felt by types—8, 9, 1.
  The main emotion felt during the childhood was anger for something, someone, situation, etc.
• Shame—particularly felt by types—2, 3, 4.
  The main emotion felt during the childhood was shame for something, someone, situation, etc.
• Fear—particularly felt by types—5, 6, 7.
  The main emotion felt during the childhood was fear for something, someone, situation, etc.
• Sorrow—particularly felt by types—10, 11, 12.
  The main emotion felt during the childhood was sorrow (grief, sadness, regret) for something, someone, situation, etc.

For better clarity, I put it on the table:

The Enneagram type	Main emotion
8, 9, 1	Anger	The main emotion felt during the childhood was anger for something, someone, situation, etc.
2, 3, 4	Shame	The main emotion felt during the childhood was shame for something, someone, situation, etc.
5, 6, 7	Fear	The main emotion felt during the childhood was fear for something, someone, situation, etc.
1o, 11, 12 (types added to Enneagram)	Sorrow (added fourth emotion)	The main emotion felt during the childhood was sorrow (grief, sadness, regret) for something, someone, situation, etc.

According to the Enneagram, the main emotion felt during the childhood of course influences later adult life.

How I came to the fact that the fourth main emotion in the extended Enneagram should be “sorrow”?

I came to this conclusion mainly by my observation of Sensing types. (That is Extraverted and Introverted Sensing types according to the Jung’s typology).

Besides, I analyzed the scheme of the extended Enneagram. I wanted to make sure that everything fits together.

Below I describe, what is behind these four main emotions in the extended Enneagram. I tried to make this description similarly to the original Enneagram and accordingly with its philosophy.

Anger, Shame, Fear, and Sorrow are the main emotions that we especially deeply experienced in childhood. It was our reaction to it what was happening around us. It was the main reaction to our biggest problems. As children, we are exposed to the environment. That is family, place of residence, surrounding people, kindergarten, school, various institutions, etc.

This environment creates one of the two main problems of childhood. Generally speaking, this environment either:

• • rejects us or
• • enslaves us.

If this rarely happens, then our childhood is more successful. If it happens more often, then it is less successful.

Unfortunately, even in the best families and places to live, from time to time some rejection or enslavement may happen to us.

REJECTION

Rejection situations we can divide into two opposite emotions, which are:

• Fear and
• Shame.

FEAR

Fear I caused by some danger or a state of emergency. For example, danger caused by: threat, punishment, pain, beating, injury, hunger, exile, death, etc. This state of emergency felt in childhood, triggers the basic impulse of action. Which is—avoiding or escaping from the danger.

The reasons for this could be, for example like these:

• Parents used corporal punishment towards children.
• The family situation could have carried our various unpleasant circumstances where children’s psyche was exposed to sudden and large psychological burdens. So to speak, there was a “mental beating” of children.
• One of the parents or someone in the family had some obsessive or paranoid behavior that constantly was repeating. Children had to learn how to recognize when these behaviors could occur? And what they need to do to avoid the possible unpleasant consequences?
• They could live in a dangerous environment which was unfriendly to children or entire families. From this could result for example beatings, the pain of various kinds, injuries, neglects, hostile attitudes, unkindness, etc.
• The children had to live in a family where was a tough financial situation. Where they could not have covered the basic needs.
• etc.

In imaging, the situation in which there is fear or a state of emergency can help us the element of Fire. The element of Fire (from Ancient System) is corresponding with the emotion of Fear (from the Enneagram).

In a symbolic sense, it is the environment where sometimes Fire seriously threatens us. And we need to behave like in the case of Fire. The Fire which spreads in a more or less violent way. Among others, the Fire features are violence, hot, burning, fast, unpredictable, difficult to stop, etc.

In childhood, if we have to deal with Fire, that is, the fear or state of emergency, then we have to survive somehow. To deal with Fire can help us logic or thinking. (Thinking is one of the psychological functions in Jung’s typology).

Therefore, even being the child, it is worth to recognize the threat, using logic as a guide. It is worth knowing how and when to avoid it, or prevent it, or just escape from it.

SHAME

Shame, in turn, is the rejection, that affects people who spent their childhood surrounded by a community who had a low opinion about them. Where they were exposed to low prestige, low rank, etc. For this reason, they could often feel lack of appreciation, value, worth meaning, recognition, attention, etc. As a result of these lacks, they often felt Shame.

In consequence of it, children receive surrounded them people and whole environment mainly through Shame. This Shame creates in their life a constant need. The need to make sure that they have the highest possible value. They make sure that others have a good opinion about them. They want to be sure that others think about them that they are valuable, suitable, desirable, etc.

The reasons for this may be different. They could come from other people. Or from the so-called higher power, when no one had any influence on it. For example, there could be situations where such children could:

• Live in an environment that brought them Shame, or they thought that they would bring Shame to their environment.
• Something has happened that is widely considered as a reason for Shame.
• The family in which they lived has a shameful secret. The secret that this family tried to hide from the environment where they lived. They were doing this because they didn’t want to lose a good opinion.
• They lost one of their parents. Then their value reduced the misfortune. These children somehow were humiliated in comparison with other more lucky children. It means humiliated by fate, doom, back luck, god, finding themselves in the wrong place and wrong time, unfortunate coincidence or other “higher powers”. They could be taken from their families (e.g., by a family court judgment) and transferred to other families or to a children’s home (orphanage).
• They could lose their current position, for example, when siblings are born. The oldest child (or older children) loses their current position. In the new situation, they have to be satisfied with smaller than before parents’ attention.
• They could be unwanted or unexpected children.
• etc.

In imagining the situation of these children can also help us the element of water, which symbolically corresponds to it. It is the situation where something is “fluid and unstable”. Something is uncertain. It “leaks through our fingers”. We do not find appreciation in the eyes of others. And we feel our surrounding environment like in these idioms:

Another metaphor which we can use here is the feeling when we are wet at a wrong place and wrong time. And when we are ashamed that we are wet. For example, when we get wet in the rain, when we unexpectedly fall or slip into the water, etc. Then, when others see us so wet, we are ashamed, because what they can think about us. If we do not avoid the soaking up, it means that we are clumsy, worse, we do not behave appropriately, etc. Because of this, someone can value us less, have a worse opinion about us, elevate in importance, etc.

Water, in general, is fluid or liquid. Water can flow. For example, water can flow in and flow out, water can have in-flow and outflow, water can be calm or disturbed, and a stream of water can be slow and quick. Water can also be dangerous. Water can push with great force. Water can flow in everywhere when is a flood. Water can be difficult to stop. Water can flood our homes as a big wave or can come slowly, unseen and undetected. Moreover, water can be unpleasant for us when it is too cold. When water is cold can overpower us and make us unable to do anything. Besides, water can slow down our footsteps, because when we walk in the water, her resistance makes us move slower, and it cost us more effort.

Thus, during the childhood, we can receive the world around us thoughts the prism of problems similar to those caused by water.

ENSLAVING

So, above I mentioned about Shame and Fear. Shame and Fear are result of rejection, by which we are especially affected during our childhood.

Apart from rejection, we can also be enslaved. Enslaving, in particular, is causing the next to main emotions. It means: Anger and Sorrow.

ANGER

Anger often results from an insecure situation. The insecure situation can be caused by aggression, irritation, nastiness, bothersome, disturbance, etc. The insecurity can enslave us. Especially during the childhood when often we have no choice. We have to stay in the insecure and uncertain environment and survive there.

The effect of this insecurity during our childhood is high sensitivity to aggression. As children in these situations, we focus on doing something that helps us survive. Survive when we witness aggression, or we experience it. Of course, it is difficult for us to be prepared to aggression all the time. Aggression often appears suddenly. Not every time is giving any signs that will appear. Or we are not always able to recognize these signs. So, these unpleasant surprises trigger Anger in us. This Anger we can express outside, or we can hide it inside. We can also show it outside in another way, e.g., by stubbornness, criticism, sarcasm, etc.

What are the reasons for this that children's main emotion during childhood is Anger?

These reasons could be for example like these:

• These children were bullied or abused by others who were stronger. These others could be parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, adults, etc. The reason for abuse can be anger or aggression. Anger and aggression which are hidden and kept inside the psyche. These accumulated emotions are trying to get outside. Unfortunately, sometimes some people are releasing their accumulated aggressive emotions by abusing vulnerable children.
• These children were in the situation where they had to play a role like in these sayings “whipping boy” or “scapegoat”.
• They had to be with someone who was selfish, unbearable, dominating, or not respecting their children. For example, mother or father, or someone else in the family was often intoxicated (e.g., they were under the influence of alcohol, drugs, etc.) and their aggressive, unpredictable behavior was hard to tolerate.
• They were in situations where their parents became irresponsible or unreliable for some time. For example, they were partying, drinking, drugging, etc.
• They were in the situation when someone did not rise to the task. For example, one of the parents promised to do something, and then, he preferred to do something more attractive to him than taking care of the child. Or he or she got drunk or dazed and was not capable of doing anything. Or he or she forgot about proper care, because he/she was ignoring child needs, or did not take it seriously enough. Etc.
  In many such situations, the child was forced to cope with troubles and problems alone. In other words, the child had to take the role of an adult and undertake many tasks instead of his parents or carers. These tasks could be too difficult for the child and beyond his abilities.
• They regularly were left alone, and no one was interested in them for a long time.
• They had to do too difficult tasks, and they had over-much responsibility for their age.
• Etc.

In imagining the situation of these children can also help us the element of Air. The Air symbolically is corresponding with it. So, it is a situation where we can have beautiful and windless days. However, we can also have days when there are tornadoes, cyclones, strong storms, heavy rains, etc. Children just had to endure such situations when others were like the raging tornado. And they had to survive at that time when this furious power surrounds them. Raging storm and tornadoes over-strained their patience and nerves to the limits of endurance.

Air can also be moist and cold. This situation, in the long run, can be very irritating. For example, when a cold rain last log we have to deal with it for a long time. For example, when a cold rain last log we have to deal with it for a long time. When it is hard to escape from something annoying and disturbing, Anger is growing in us little by little.

Air can also be hot. When is very hot, overheating slows down our movements. We cannot move too quickly, because we will sweat, we will be thirsty, tired, etc. When we are sweating, we do not feel comfortable. We need to wipe sweat on us constantly. Dirt easily sticks to sweat. We need to take off or change sweaty clothes. We need to wash. Etc.

The situation, when we have to stay in the hot Air for a long time, and we have no way to escape from it, makes us constantly annoyed and irritated. This situation can strain our nerves to the limits of endurance and trigger an outburst of anger and aggression.

So, children had to survive different situations which are similar to the actions of Air.

SORROW

Sorrow is often created by the enslavement. And the enslavement is often created by the permanent and unchanging environment. It is mainly because the children lived in the environment that somehow kept them in a place. The place from which they could not escape or liberate.

The result of this was sorrow, regret, sadness, pain, disappointment, bitterness, resentment, etc. These feelings children felt because they were stuck in one place.

What does it mean being kept in one place?

It means that children stayed most of the time in one environment. And this environment can be understood as the real place (e.g., street, village, community, society, etc.), or it can be a psychological state. That is the place inside child’s psyche. These children then enter into adult live, being sensitive to anything that limits their freedom in any way. They will strive to live in such way that nothing or no one would limit them.

For example, the reasons for this may be as follows:

• These children often could not leave the house.
• These children were controlled very strictly.
• They were influenced by parents influenced by parents who were very one-sided. For example, they were fanatically religious, kept “military discipline”, behaved like rigorous teachers, were biased, were very simple in habits and views, etc.
• They lived in the shadow of an indisputable authority or unchangeable rules.
• They lived in the environment that was very defined in fashion, habits, views, and behavior.
• The situation around these children has seldom changed.
• They could be children of overprotective parents.
• They could be children of parents who decided for them and created their future. For example, it can happen when parents worked in a valuable and well-paid profession. In this situation, they can believe that their children should follow their way of life. And they are doing everything to make their children do the same as they did before. Even if children are not fit to the vision that they created for them. And even if they have talents for doing something completely different.
• Parents know better what to do in life and not to do? What pays off and what does not pay off? What makes sense and what does not make sense? Etc. Children in this situation are under pressure of their parent’s vision for life. For this reason, they have to give up everything that their parents consider to be unnecessary, senseless, unprofitable, and so on. For example, children will have to give up their interests, passions, and talents, which according to their parent’s opinion do not make sense.
• Parents believed that their children belong entirely to them, and only they have the right to decide about them.
• When the parents kept their controlling approach to children, they could put them in a risk of various shocks or traumas. Parent’s could trigger these traumas by the fact that they tried to keep their children on the way of life that they choose for them. For example, when parents do what they can to keep their children in “right” way of life, not letting them turn off and choose another way.
• Etc.

In imagining the situation of these children can help us also the element of Earth. So, we can say that these children were just “grounded”. First of all, these people are interested in the great dreams of freedom. It is the theme of many novels and films. In these stories, the heroes drive motorcycle or car and travel not restricted by any laws. Often even police and other law enforcement are unable to stop them. Or they steal money and then during some not long time they spent everything. During this time they live “here and now”, and they feel that “the world belongs to them”. Or they want to live freely according to their own rules on their area (land, place, house, dwelling, etc.). Like, for example, the hero of the book and the movie “Shrek”, who wants to live freely on his swamp, not disturbed by anyone.

So, these people feel sorrow, because they think that they lost childhood. Then for the rest of their lives, they are constantly freeing themselves from enslaving and “grounding” which they had in childhood and youth.

Symbolically, the element of Earth can “grounding”, for example like the swamp that completely absorbs and enslaves. Then if we don’t want to be completely stuck in the swamp, we must behave calmly. We need to be cool-headed because we can’t do wrong and sudden movements.

Farther the Earth can be muddy, full of silt. It makes moving forward hard and difficult. In the past, were not so many paved or hardened roads like today. Most of the roads were just the marked path on the ground. Moving on these roads was tough. Especially when ground roads were wet and muddy. It was possible to get stuck and be grounded for long hours. To get out from any mud-filled hole, people need to do hard work. The fight with mud can be very exhausting, and it makes our muscles and whole body sore and aching from the effort.

Besides mud is dirtying us. And if we are sticky with mud for a long time, we are sorrowful that it happened to us.

Earth can also be dry and sandy. Moving around such a terrain seems long and boring and is very exhausting. We need to appropriately plan our strength, because we can find ourselves alone without help, somewhere in the middle of nowhere, e.g., on the desert. Therefore, we cannot that unnecessary things with us, because they can be the unnecessary ballast. So, only essential items are allowed. Mainly satisfy basic needs such as hunger, thirst, rest, sleep, protection against excessive cold or heat, etc. In dry terrain, it is important to concentrate on the area, because we need to find something characteristic. For example, spot an oasis somewhere in the distance, spot something that can be eaten, spot some animals to hunt down, etc.

Earth can also be rocky and hard to access. In such environment, we must focus our attention when we are moving because we can be in danger of falls, bruises, injuries, and pain. When we come to this, we can be overcome by the fact that we have to deal with such a dangerous and challenging terrain.

Earth can also shake or shock us. We can suddenly find ourselves in the middle of an earthquake. When we live in a seismic area, we have to be prepared for unexpected shocks. Symbolically earthquakes in life may mean unforeseen circumstances, to which it is worth to be mentally prepared. When such shocks happen, we may be embraced by great sadness and sorrow that happened just to us.

Generally speaking, contact with Earth and the dangers it carries, requires a proper mental attitude, a suitable approach to life and adequate life philosophy, which we have to follow strictly.

So, children who perceive the surrounding them reality through sorrow, have to deal with threats mentioned above. This threats in the metaphorical sense can bring them the element of Earth.

And so we have four main emotions. Above I described how may look like these emotions. By the Enneagram’s point of view, main emotions have the significant impact on the development of character during childhood. These emotions, of course, are accompanying us later in our entire life. They have more or less influence on us. It depends on the situation in which we are. These emotions also in adulthood have greater or lesser impact on the development of our personality.

In the diagram below I placed the short description of the above mention four main emotions.

In this way, I created a scheme of the extended Enneagram. And now I can match this extended Enneagram with Jung’s Typology and Ancient System.

After combining these three systems into one, the next problem was to discover how will look connections between types. Enneagram has nine types and is describing where we are in typical state and where we are moving during stress and relax (comfort)? On the above scheme there are twelve types. So, I needed to find how according to the philosophy of Enneagram particular types will move from a typical state to stress or to relax?

It took me the most time to get to it. I had doubts about it for a very long time. And in total, I still have some doubts about a few issues. But despite these issues, the Mandala of Characters is remarkably useful and helpful.

Moreover, blowing away appearing doubts allow me more and more improve and cultivate the Mandala of Characters. I can even say that I love still appearing doubts. They are the very welcome discovering tool. So, thanks to doubts, among others, I can better recognize relationships between particular types of characters. And I can travel deeper into the psyche of every unique type.

So, let’s go to the matter of the connections between each type. That is, where they go in the stress and the comfort situations.

I think I start from straight (or central) types. These types I connected in the way which we can see in the diagram below.

Compared to the Enneagram in the Mandala of Characters, it changed that, type 3 will not connect directly with the type 6 as in Enneagram. This connection I marked with a gray dashed line in the diagram above. Also, there will be no triangle like in Enneagram between types 3, 6 and 9.

Instead, I created a square connecting the types 3, 6, 9 and 11. That is, this square contains three straight (central) types of Enneagram and a new type—a Straight Sensation type (or a Central Sensation type).

In the next diagram, I show the created square of straight types.

So, above we have solved the problem with the connection between central types.

And now move on to the Introverted and Extraverted types which left to connect.

These will be the following types:

• types coming from the Enneagram, that is, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8;
• and two types from the Jung’s typology, that is, the Introverted Sensing type and Extraverted Sensing type, which in the diagram above are marked by the numbers 10 and 12.

The above situation I present in the diagram below.

So, we have the connection between particular Extraverted and Introverted types coming from Enneagram. That is, types 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8. And we have lack of connection with the Introverted Sensing type and Extraverted Sensing Type. That is, types 10 and 12.

At first glance, this case looks quite complicated.

To solve this problem, I tried to go two ways.

Firstly, I needed somehow logically match everything together in the above diagram.

Secondly, I observed in life these types which I needed to connect. In particular, I tried to observe the two new types coming from the Jung’s typology, which are Introverted and Extraverted Sensing types (types 10 and 12). Foremost, I was interested in how these two Jungian types behave in stress and comfort. And I was comparing to which types deriving from Enneagram fit the behavior of these two Jungian types in stress and comfort.

Moreover, I especially observed types 4 and 5 derived from Enneagram, because we can see that these types connect in another way with other Enneagram types. It means types 4 and 5 are connected differently with other types than types 1, 2, 7 and 8.

Specifically:

• Type 4 connects at an acute angle with types 1 and 2.
• And type 5 connects at the acute angle with types 7 and 8.

For comparison, two another Enneagram types, i.e., 1 and 8, are connected in the following way:

• Type 1 connects at a right angle (90 degrees) with types 4 and 7, and the line segments between them are equal.
• Type 8 connects at a right angle (90 degrees) with types 2 and 5, and the line segments between them are equal.

In turn, in comparison with types 1 and 8, connections which have types 2 and 7 may seem a bit strange because:

• Type 2 is connected by the shorter line segment with type 4 and the longer line segment with the type 8.
• Type 7 is connected by the shorter line segment with type 5 and the longer line segment with the type 1.

Because types 2 and 7, in fact, may seem to be also strangely connected, I also decided to observe the behavior of these types in stress and comfort.

Please note that at this point, the most logical connections have types 1 and 8. These types connect with other types with two equal line segments at the right angle (90 degrees).

If now we return to the previously created connections between central types (i.e., 3, 6, 9 and 11), we can see that they are also connected to each other with equal segment lines at the right angle (90 degrees).

These observations I am placing in the following diagram.

Thus, the connections between types with equal segment lines at a right angle (90 degrees), seemed to me most logical and straightforward. So, I assumed that maybe it is the best way of connection between all types on the Mandala of Characters. I tried then to find a confirmation of this assumption. Mainly I was doing it by observation the particular types in life situations.

At this moment, however, we are considering Extraverted and Introverted types. So, let’s remove the Central (or Straight) types from the above scheme for greater clarity.

In the above diagram, if we look closely, there are two halves of squares:

• The first half of the square, (it means two sides of the square)—between types 5, 8 and 1.
• The second half of the square, (or two sides of the square)—between types 7, 1 and 4.

If there are two halves of squares, then we can assume that we can create two whole squares. If we do this, it will be analogous to the square of Central types which I created earlier.

Let’s consider the first half of the square. I think I will be easier to think about it if I remove the second half of the square from the previous diagram.

In the above diagram, we now have three types connected together. Connections between these three types create half of the square. So, let’s think about what type we can also connect to these three types.

Originally in the Enneagram, these types are connected to type 4. I present this in the next diagram.

As I said above, type 2 connects with other types strangely. The reason for this is that the line segments connecting type 2 with other types

• are not equal,
• and are not at the right angles (90 degrees).

So, thinking logically, type 2 instead with type 4 should connect with type 10. I remind that type 10 derived from Jung’s typology and is called—Introverted Sensing type.

I present this conclusion in the next diagram.

In the diagram above, we can see two connections with type 2:

• The connections between types 2 and 4. This connection exists in the original Enneagram.
• And the connection between types 2 and 10. This new connection which I created instead of connection between types 2 and 4 existing in the original Enneagram.

If we use the new connection between types 2 and 10, type 2 will connect with other types like type 8. It means line segments connecting type 2 with types 8 and 10 are equal, and between them, there is the right angle (90 degrees).

Now we can see that there is an empty space between types 5 and 10. If we these types connect together, then we will create the new square.

I present this new square in the next diagram.

And now we have the second square in our Mandala of Characters. This square connects types 5, 8, 2 and 10.

The above reasoning I based more on logical thinking, but as I mentioned above, I also observe it in my life. It means, I watched the behavior of people with particular types of character.

Regarding the above newly formed square, the most interesting was the observation of type 5 and 2. Types 2 and 5 connect differently than in the Enneagram. They both connect with type 10. That is with the type derived from Jung’s typology—Introverted Sensing type.

At this point, the can also arise the question, why types 2 and 5 connect with the Introverted Sensing type? And what they do not connect with, for example, Extraverted Sensing type?

The fact that the types 2 and 5 connect with the Introverted Sensing type results, among other things, from my observations. These observations I will describe in further parts of this work and, above all, in descriptions of particular types of the Mandala of Characters. At the moment, I will say that I have observed that the type 5 often in comfort moves to type 10. And type 2 often moves to type 10 in stress.

Interestingly, type 8 sometimes moves to the type 10 as well. It was much rare then types 2 and 5, but is some situations type 8 also had behavior characteristic for type 10. It was something completely new for me. And new problem appeared for me to solve. I think I found a solution. However, I will describe this solution later in this work.

At this point, I don’t want to mix different topics at once. Now, let’s come back to our newly created square. This square connects types 5, 8, 2 and 10, and looks like in the diagram below.

So, in this way, I created the second square. The second square in the improved Enneagram which I extended with new sensing types based on Jung’s typology.

We have left yet to consider the remaining unconnected types. So, let’s return to the remaining half of the square. The half of the square which connects types 7, 1 and 4.

These types in the original Enneagram are connected to type 5 yet. Please take a look at the diagram below.

As in the case of creating the second square above, we can see that type 7, connects with other types in a strange way. The line segments connecting type 7 with other types are not equal and are not at the right angle (90 degrees). For comparison, type 1 connects with other types by equal line segments which are at the right angle (90 degrees) to each other.

So, it will be logical if type 7 will connect with type 12, instead of type 5.

In the above diagram, we can see that the connection between types 7 and 5 which exists in the original Enneagram is converted into the connection between types 7 and 12.

In this way, type 7 will connect with other types analogically to type 1. It means, line segments connect with types 1 and 12 are equal, and between these line segments, we have the right angle (90 degrees).

In the diagram, we can see also that there is empty space between types 12 and 4. If we connect these types together, then the next square will be created.

I present this square in the diagram.

In this way, we got the third square in the Mandala of Characters. This square connects types 7, 1, 4 and 12.

As during creation of the second square, for creating the above third square, I used logical thinking.

Also, as in the case of the second square, the connection among the types in the third square is based on my observations. It means, observations of the types 7, 1, 4 and 12 in everyday life.

In the third square, the most interesting for me was the observation of types 4 and 7, because these two types connect with other types differently than in the Enneagram.

Types 4 and 7 now connect with type 12. Type 12 derived from the Jung’s typology, where is called—Extraverted Sensing type.

Similarly, as in the second square, we can ask a question about the third square. Why types 4 and 7 connect with type 12 (Extraverted Sensing type) and they don’t connect with for example type 10 (Introverted Sensing type)?

As before, like in first and second square, I conclude that types 4 and 7 connect with type 12, based on my observation. These observations I will describe in further parts of this work. And, above all, I will write about it in descriptions of particular types of the Mandala of Characters.

At the moment, I will say that I have observed that type 4 often moves to type 12 during comfort. And type 7 often moves to type 12 during stress.

Analogically as in the second square, there was for me a new interesting observation in the third square. That is, in the third square I observed that type 1 sometimes moves to type 12 (Extraverted Sensing type). So, type 1 in some situations shoved behavior characteristic to type 12.

It was another novelty for me that I had to explain as well. However, I will write later about the solution to this topic. At this point, I don’t want to mix different issues at once.

Now, let’s return to our newly created third square which connects types 7, 1, 4 and 12. The third square finally looks like in the diagram below.

And in this way, we have got the third square in the extended Enneagram by three new types. So, in total, we received three squares covering 12 types of characters which I present in the next diagram.

I think I can also show in the above diagram the summary and shove where are the types derived from Jung’s typology and types derived from Enneagram. In other words, I can show what types were added to Jung’s typology from the Enneagram. Or inversely what types were added to Enneagram from Jung’s typology?

So, in sum, the modifications which I made are as follows.

• Enneagram has been extended by two types from Jung’s typology:
  — Extraverted Sensing type,
  — Introverted Sensing type.


• Jung’s typology has been extended by three types from the Enneagram:
  — Central (or Straight) Feeling—this type corresponds to the type 3 in Enneagram.
  — Central (or Straight) Thinking—this type corresponds to the type 6 in Enneagram.
  — Central (or Straight) Intuition—this type corresponds to the type 9 in Enneagram.


• To Enneagram and to Jung’s typology was added completely new type. That is:
  — Central (or Straight) Sensing type—this type corresponds to Melancholic temperament in the Ancient System. And I think, this type corresponds to the Enneagram philosophy.

The last type, that is, Central (or Straight) Sensing type, in the above diagram is marked as type 11. I think this type results from the Enneagram philosophy. It means, in the area of each of the three emotions (Anger, Shame, and Fear) there is one central type. But in the above diagram, we have the fourth area. This area corresponds to next emotion. This emotion is—Sorrow. Logically, therefore, the Central Sensing type is needed to make everything fit together in the above diagram.

Also, the existence of this type also results from the Ancient System. In this place, there is the temperament—Melancholic. And this temperament corresponds to the element of Earth. Further, the Central Sensing type results from division into introversion, extraversion, and ambiversion. Specifically, the types of character we can divide into:
1) Extraversion types, i.e., people for whom Extraversion is a favorite personal attitude in their live.
2) Introverted types, i.e., people for whom Introversion is a favorite personal attitude in their life.
3) And those people who use both attitudes. So, they have equal or similar desire to using Extraverted or Introverted attitude. In others words, they have equal or similar resources of Extraversion and Introversion. This attitude lying between Extraversion and Introversion is called—Ambiversion. In the Mandala of Characters, the Ambivert attitude have Central (or Straight) types. It means types 3, 6, 9 and 11.

Those Ambiverted types then cover with the Central types. It means, with types 3, 6 and 9 taken from the Enneagram. And with type 11 set in the Mandala of Characters.

So, if we consider types of character regarding Extraversion, Introversion, and Ambiversion, the existence of type 11 is particularly necessary.

All in all, in the way I presented above I put three typologies together. That is, we have the base of Ancient System. And on this base, I put the Enneagram and Jung’s typology. In the Enneagram and Jung’s typology, I needed to make a few modifications for matching them together.

Also, as we can see in this chapter, the Enneagram played the significant role. I studied Enneagram first, and I still have great sympathy for this typology. The Enneagram actually made me the enthusiast of personalities. Therefore, I had a strong willingness to use the Enneagram in the Mandala of Characters. This willingness led me to make discoveries which I presented above, and I will show further.

So, my combination of three typologies looks like in the diagram below.

So we have three squares. And on each square, there are four types of characters. In other words, we have three groups of characters, and in each group, we have four types of characters. These are:

• First square—types: 1, 4, 12 and 7.
• Second square—types: 2, 10, 5 and 8.
• Third square—types: 3, 11, 6 and 9.

Another problem in the time when I was creating the Mandala of Characters was to find in which directions each type of character moves in each square? That is, where the given type moves when is in stress or comfort (relax)?

In the diagram below, I put original scheme of the Enneagram on the Mandala of Characters. I used arrows to show directions where particular types are moving. Below I show directions during comfort (relax).

In contrast to the Enneagram, in the Mandala of Characters, we can distinguish three squares. Each square contains four types.

Instead, in the Enneagram there are:

• triangle connecting three Central types
• and specific shape connecting six types.

So, how we can find where particular types move during stress or comfort?

At this stage of development of the Mandala of Characters, I found that I can use directions which are in the original Enneagram. It means I can use particular parts of the Enneagram for particular parts of squares in the Mandala of Characters. For example, if I consider square one in the Mandala of Characters I can use part of the Enneagram which covers with square one.

Then, let’s think about each square to discover in which directions are moving particular types in stress or comfort?

So, let’s consider the first square.

In the diagram below, gray dashed lines represent connections which we have in the original Enneagram. Arrows on these lines show movement from type to type during comfort.

The black lines show the first square of the Mandala of Characters. And this square connects four types of the Mandala of Characters.

Looking at the above diagram, we can see parts of two typologies. Specifically, we have the first square of the Mandala of Characters, and we have connections in the part of Enneagram. And we can compare connections from the Enneagram with the first square of the Mandala of Characters.

Now, we can see that some lines from two typologies are covering with each other. It means the same in two typologies are connections between types:

• 1 and 7
• and 1 and 4.

On the gray dashed lines there are arrows which show where types of Enneagram are moving during comfort (relax). Also, if we imagine movement in opposite directions on these dashed lines, it will show us where Enneagram types are moving during stress.

So, if we look at type 1, we can see this type in comfort moves to the type 7. And in stress type 1 moves to type 4.

I think then, in the case of type 1, we can establish its connections.

The situation is not so clear for the other three types in the first square of the Mandala of Characters. That is, for types 7, 4 and 12. Let’s consider these types one by one.

Type 7 in the Enneagram under stress goes to type 1. And type 7 in comfort goes to type 5. In the Mandala of Characters, there is no connection between types 7 and 5. Instead, there is the connection between types 7 and 12.

In turn, type 4 in the Enneagram, in comfort goes to type 1. And type 4 in stress goes to type 2. In the Mandala of Characters, there is no connection between types 4 and 2. Instead, there is a connection between types 4 and 12.

In the first square, there is type 12. I am reminding that this type I took to the Mandala of Characters from Jung’s typology, where is called—Extraverted Sensing type. So, type 12 does not exist in the original Enneagram. For type 12 then, I had to find out where this type can move during stress and comfort?

At first, to discover how the transition to stress and comfort can go, I decided to focus on analyzing types 4 and 7. These types have one connection different from in the Enneagram, and one connection the same as in the Enneagram.

Connections for type 4.

In the Enneagram type 4 under stress goes to type 2, and in comfort goes to type 1.

In the Mandala of Characters type 4 is linked to type 1 and 12. And I needed to establish where type 4 is moving during stress and comfort.

To solve this problem I observed in life where type 4 actually goes during stress and comfort. In other words, I was looking to which other types behavior of type 4 is similar during stress and comfort?

My observation showed that type 4 in stress often moving to type 1. But also I observed that behavior of type 4 is during stress many times was similar to type 12.

In original Enneagram, type 4 under stress goes to type 2, and in comfort to type 1. In the Mandala of Characters, which in a sense is an Enneagram extended by three new types of characters, type 4 more corresponds to the connections with types 1 and 12. Apart from that, I also observed that type 4 tends to connect with type 7.

So, it came out from my observations that type 4 in stress often prefer to move to type 1. And in comfort type 4 often prefer to move to type 12.

In comparison, with the Enneagram, therefore, in the Mandala of Characters has changed one fact. It means, type 4 does not go in comfort only to type 1 (like in the Enneagram) but also go to type 1 during stress.

At first, it seemed strange for me that type 4 can go to type 1 in both psychological states. That is, in stress and in comfort. However, with time I decided to accept it.

In this case, I thought, I will pay attention to this, where a particular type moves more often. For example, where type 4 moves more often during stress or comfort? To type 1 or 12? And it turned out that type 4 in stress moves more often to type 1 than to type 12. It also means that type 4 in comfort moves more often to type 12 than to type 1.

In this situation, I decided to reverse the direction of movement between type 1 and 4, in comparison to the Enneagram.

As I mentioned above, I also observed that type 4 sometimes showed behaviors similar to type 7.

In short, in the Mandala of Characters type 4: • In stress most often moves to type 1. (It is different than in the Enneagram where type 4 in stress always moves to type 2). • In comfort (relax) most often moves to type 12. • And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 7.

Connections for type 7.

Regarding type 7, there is an analogical situation as for type 4.

For type 7, I changed before the connection between types 7 and 5 (like in the Enneagram). Instead, there is the connection between types 7 and 12.

Besides, in the Mandala of Characters is the same as in the Enneagram the connection between types 7 and 1. According to the Enneagram, type 7 goes to type 1 during stress.

Also, I noticed that sometimes type 7 shows behavior similar to type 4.

I observed type’s 7 behavior in life. I wanted to find out in which directions this type move during stress and comfort?

In short, in the Mandala of Characters type 7:

• In stress most often moves to type 12.
• In comfort (relax) most often moves to type 1. (It is different than in the Enneagram where type 7 in comfort always moves to type 5).
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 4.

In the first square, we have two types yet. That is type 1 and 12. Then, we can ask, where are moving in summary types 1 and 12 during stress and comfort?

Type 1, in short, in the Mandala of Characters:

• In comfort most often moves to type 4.
• In stress most often moves to type 7.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 12.

Type 12, in short, in the Mandala of Characters:

• In comfort most often moves to type 7.
• In stress most often moves to type 4.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 1.

So, it is how looks like the movement from type to type during stress or comfort in the first square of the Mandala of Characters. Then, let’s consider the movement from type to type in the second square.

In the diagram below the gray dashed lines represent the connection taken from the Enneagram during comfort (relax). The black lines connect type in the second square of the Mandala of Characters.

Analogically, like in consideration about first square above, we can see in the above diagram parts of two typologies. Specifically, we have the second square of the Mandala of Characters, and we have connections in the part of Enneagram. And we can compare connections from the Enneagram with the second square of the Mandala of Characters.

Now we can see that some connections from two typologies are covering with each other. It means the same in two typologies are connections between types:

• • 2 and 8
• • and 2 and 10.

On the gray dashed lines there are arrows which show where types of Enneagram are moving during comfort (relax). Also, if we imagine movement in opposite directions on these dashed lines, it will show us where Enneagram types are moving during stress.

So, if we look at type 8, we can see this type in comfort moves to the type 2. And in stress type 8 moves to type 5.

I think then, in the case of type 8, we can establish its connections.

The situation is not so clear for the other three types in the second square of the Mandala of Characters. That is, for types 2, 5 and 10. Let’s consider these types one by one.

Type 2 in the Enneagram under stress goes to type 8. And in comfort type 2 goes to type 4.

In the Mandala of Characters, there is no connection between types 2 and 4. Instead, there is the connection between types 2 and 10.

In turn, type 5 in the Enneagram, in comfort goes to type 8. And type 5 in stress goes to type 7.

In the Mandala of Characters, there is no connection between types 5 and 7. Instead, there is a connection between types 5 and 10.

In the first square, there is type 10. I am reminding that this type I took to the Mandala of Characters from Jung’s typology, where is called—Introverted Sensing type. So, type 10 does not exist in the original Enneagram. For type 10 then, I had to find out where this type can move during stress and comfort?

At first, to discover how the transition to stress and comfort can go, I decided to focus on analyzing types 2 and 5. These types have one connection different from in the Enneagram, and one connection the same as in the Enneagram.

Connections for type 5.

In the Enneagram type 5 under stress goes to type 7, and in comfort goes to type 8.

In the Mandala of Characters type 5 is linked to type 8 and 10. And I needed to establish where type 5 is moving during stress and comfort.

To solve this problem I observed in life where type 5 actually goes during stress and comfort. In other words, I was looking to which other types behavior of type 5 is similar during stress and comfort?

My observation showed that type 5 in stress often moving to type 8. But also I observed that behavior of type 5 is during stress many times was similar to type 10.

In original Enneagram, type 5 under stress goes to type 7, and in comfort to type 8. In the Mandala of Characters, which in a sense is an Enneagram extended by three new types of characters, type 5 more corresponds to the connections with types 8 and 10. Apart from that, I also observed that type 5 tends to connect with type 2.

So, it came out from my observations that type 5 in comfort often prefer to move to type 8. And in stress type 5 often prefer to move to type 10.

In comparison, with the Enneagram, therefore, in the Mandala of Characters has changed one fact. It means, type 5 does not go in comfort only to type 8 (like in the Enneagram) but also go to type 8 during stress.

At first, it seemed strange for me that type 5 can go to type 8 in both psychological states. That is, in comfort and in stress. However, with time I decided to accept it.

In this case, I thought, I will pay attention to this, where a particular type moves more often. For example, where type 5 moves more often during stress or comfort? To type 8 or 10? And it turned out that type 5 in stress moves more often to type 8 than to type 10. It also means that type 5 in comfort moves more often to type 10 than to type 8.

In this situation, I decided to reverse the direction of movement between type 5 and 8, in comparison to the Enneagram.

As I mentioned above, I also observed that type 5 sometimes showed behaviors similar to type 2.

In short, in the Mandala of Characters type 5:

• In stress most often moves to type 8. (It is different than in the Enneagram where type 5 in stress always moves to type 7).
• In comfort (relax) most often moves to type 10.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 2.

Connections for type 2.

Regarding type 2, there is an analogical situation as for type 5.

For type 2, I changed before the connection between types 2 and 4 (like in the Enneagram). Instead, there is the connection between types 2 and 10.

Besides, in the Mandala of Characters is the same as in the Enneagram the connection between types 2 and 8. According to the Enneagram, type 2 goes to type 8 during stress.

Also, I noticed that sometimes type 2 shows behavior similar to type 5.

I observed type’s 2 behavior in life. I wanted to find out in which directions this type move during stress and comfort?

In short, in the Mandala of Characters type 2:

• In stress most often moves to type 10.
• In comfort (relax) most often moves to type 8. (It is different than in the Enneagram where type 2 in comfort always moves to type 4).
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 5.

In the second square, we have two types yet. That is type 8 and 10. Then, we can ask, where are moving in summary types 8 and 10 during stress and comfort?

Type 8, in short, in the Mandala of Characters:

• In comfort most often moves to type 5.
• In stress most often moves to type 2.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 10.

Type 10, in short, in the Mandala of Characters:

• In comfort most often moves to type 2.
• In stress most often moves to type 5.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 8.

So, it is how looks like the movement from type to type during stress or comfort in the second square of the Mandala of Characters. Then, let’s consider the movement from type to type in the third square.

In the diagram below the gray dashed lines represent the connection taken from the Enneagram during comfort (relax). The black lines connect type in the second square of the Mandala of Characters.

In the third square in the Mandala of Characters and in the Enneagram cover with each other connections for type 9. That is connections between types:

• 9 and 6,
• and 9 and 3.

According to the philosophy of Enneagram:

• in comfort type 9 goes to type 3,
• and in stress type 9 goes to type 6.

So, the connections for type 9 overlap with in the Mandala of Characters and the Enneagram.

The situation changes for types 3 and 6.

Type 3 in the Enneagram in stress goes to type 9, and in comfort goes to type 6. In the Mandala of Characters, there are not connections between types 3 and 6. Instead, there is the connection between types 3 and 11.

On the other hand, type 6 in the Enneagram in stress moves to type 3, and in comfort, moves to type 9. In the Mandala of Characters, there is no connection between type 6 and 3. Instead, there is the connection between type 6 and 11.

In the third square in a new type 11, which does not exist in the Enneagram. Then for this type, I needed to explore from scratch where type 11 moves during the stress and comfort.

I was doing it in similar way as in first and second square. Then, to find out how the transitions in stress and comfort can go, I decided to focus on analyzing types 3 and 6. These type have different connections in the Mandala of Characters and in the Enneagram.

Connections for type 3.

In the Enneagram type 3 in stress goes to type 9, and in comfort goes to type 6.

In the Mandala of Characters instead of the connection between type 3 and 6, there is the connection between types 3 and 11. So, I needed to find out where is moving type 3 during stress and relax. Mainly, as before I observed and analyzed people who are type 3 in everyday life.

My observation showed that type 3 in stress goes both to type 9 and to type 11. It was interesting for me. It is a similar situation as in the first and second square. In these squares, particular types can go in both directions during stress and comfort. But in the first and the second square, I was looking in which directions particular type can go more often?

However, for type 3, it was difficult for me to distinguish, where type 3 goes more often in stress? Also, I could not determine where type 3 more often goes in comfort.

In this case, I assumed that type 3 goes as often to both to type 9 and to type 11.

Besides, type 3 sometimes showed behaviors similar to type 6, (i.e., like in the Enneagram).

In short, for type 3 in the Mandala of Characters:

• In stress goes to both, to type 9 and 11.
• In comfort goes to both, to type 9 and 11.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 6 (that is, like in the Enneagram).

Connections for type 6.

Regarding type 6, in the Enneagram in stress type 6 goes in stress to type 3, and in comfort to type 6. In the Mandala of Characters instead of the connection between types 6 and 3, there is the connection between types and 11. So, I needed to find out where is moving type 6 during stress and relax. Mainly, as before I observed and analyzed people who are type 6 in everyday life.

Analogically, to type 3, my observation showed that type 6 in stress goes to both, that is, to type 9 and 11. In comfort type 6 also goes to both, to type 9 and 11.

So, I also assumed that type 6 in stress or comfort can go to both, to type 9 and 11.

Besides, type 6 sometimes behave similarly to type 3 (i.e., like in the Enneagram).

For type 3, in short, in the Mandala of Characters:

• In stress goes to both, to type 9 and 11.
• In comfort goes to both, to type 9 and 11.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 3 (that is, like in the Enneagram).

In the third square, we have two types yet. That is type 9 and 11. Then, we can ask, where types 9 and 11 are moving during stress and comfort?

Type 9 in the Mandala of Characters:

• In stress goes to both, to type 3 and 6.
• In comfort goes to both, to type 3 and 6.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 11.

Type 11 in the Mandala of Characters:

• In stress goes to both, to type 3 and 6.
• In comfort goes to both, to type 3 and 6.
• And sometimes shows behavior typical for type 9.